Therapeutic Effects Of Yoga On Depression - 1899 Words

Therapeutic Effects of Yoga on Depression in Men and Women Patricia A. Miller Ashley N. Saylor Toni A. Morris Jessie E. Yahner University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Abstract Much academic research has been conducted to understand psychological causes of and treatment effects on clinically diagnosed depression symptoms. More recently equal interest has included the neurochemical and physiological origins of depression and the implications of treating these imbalances using alternative, non-medical treatment modalities including yoga. Yoga has been identified as a powerful source of balancing neurochemicals vital to healthy brain chemistry. In review of current literature, however, it is apparent that little research exists comparing†¦show more content†¦Therapeutic Effects of Yoga on Depression in Men and Women This paper will explore what depression is, how depression effects males and females, and offer insight into how yoga can be a form of treatment for depression. According to the 2013 research of Holger Cramer, Romy Lauche, Jost Langhorst, and Gustav Dobos, depression has formerly been described as reflecting a primary disorder of biomedical and neurophysiological functions with evidence that alterations certain neurotransmitters including noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, and GABA play a major role in the pathophysiology of depression (Cramer, et., 2013). Additional research regarding yoga practice and increased levels of dopamine, GABA and serotonin is widely available. The balancing of these neurotransmitters is widely suggested as essential to depression treatment by many researchers and clinical therapeutic practitioners today. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, depression is a serious but common illness that interferes with daily life and causes pain for you and the your loved ones (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). Depression affects males and females; however, females are more likely to be diagnosed with depression at any given year. Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and insomnia are amongst the most common reasons for individuals to seek out treatment

Shakespeares Macbeth - Creating Sympathy for Macbeth...

Creating Sympathy for Macbeth The dark aura surrounding Shakespeares Macbeth is well deserved, as is the darkness shrouding its title character. Although Macbeth is certainly a villainous, evil man based solely on his actions, a fuller examination of his characters portrayal leads to a more sympathetic view of him. The play does not portray Macbeth simply as a cold-blooded murderer, but rather as a tortured soul attempting to deal with the atrocities surrounding him. Before any of the murderous activity occurs, Macbeth does not experience small, ambiguous premonitions, he is directly told by mysterious, dark figures things that are ordained to happen. Although these mysterious prophecies seem doubtful at first,†¦show more content†¦Although it certainly does not excuse his actions, the fact that she planned the murders, encouraged him to lie and deceive the other nobles at the banquets, basically convinced him to carry the initial murder out, and repeatedly attempted to make him forget the act and move on, would seem to partially incriminate her. If Macbeth had a wife who was a stark contrast to him, one who abhorred murder and attempted to talk him out of it, then his crime would have seemed all the more horrendous since even his closes confidant advised him against it. As it is, Lady Macbeths twisted cruelty and conniving serve to further a small sense of sympathy for the guilty Macbeth. An important aspect of Macbeths portrayal is that he shows extreme remorse after the killing of Duncan, and attempts to avoid killing Macduff due to the guilt he feels for all the other murders he has committed. While his wife feels just a little water will cleanse them from the deed, Macbeths own answer to his question Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this / blood clean from my hand? is a resounding no. Macbeth realizes the severity of his act and guilt, and this is central in evoking a sense of sympathy from the audience. Macbeth knows that he has done wrong; most can attempt to feel some sympathy or forgiveness for someone who knows they have done wrong and suffers constantly forShow MoreRelatedThe Supernatural Evil Within Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare’s Macbeth1561 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific genders. With this in mind, Shakespeare’s Macbeth heightens the supernatural evil possessing Lady Macbeth as she condones murder for her own selfish ambition, while in Shake speare’s time women were regarded as peaceful and full of feminine sympathies. This anachronism with the reality of Shakespeare’s day, illustrates the immense sense of wickedness and abnormality emphasizing her character’s influence on her husband and the plot of the play. In contrast, Macbeth appears to some extent a more acceptableRead MoreIs Macbeth A Tragic Hero Or A Tyrant? Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesIs Macbeth A Tragic Hero Or A Tyrant? Macbeth, one of Shakespeares most emotive plays, is set in Scotland during the 11th Century and follows the downfall of a man who is led by temptation to mass murder and cruelty. Macbeth, at different stages in the play, demonstrates many of the characteristics of both an evil tyrant and a tragic hero. However, a tragic hero is defined as a great man who falls because of a fatal flaw and Macbeth bests fits this description. ThereforeRead MoreRespect and Sympathy in Macbeths Soliloquies Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesRespect and Sympathy in Macbeths Soliloquies Works Cited Missing Macbeth is a complex story of a great and popular king, named Duncan, who is murdered brutally by a horrid, vicious Tyrant called Macbeth, who was considered one of Duncans closest and most loyal friends. This tyrant brings havoc and devastation to the onceRead MoreMacbeth As A Tyrant Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Downfall of a Tyrant Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in 1606, during the reign of James I, who was James IV of Scotland before he became the King of England. James I, was a sponsor of Shakespeare’s theatre, so it is clear that Shakespeare’s work was affected by James I’s sensitivities. Murder and intrigue was a part of the Scottish Reign when James was growing, and in fact, James’s father was murdered when he was just a baby. Macbeth tells the story of a Scottish general who, through prophecies receivedRead MoreHow Macbeths Character Changes throughout the Play1725 Words   |  7 Pagestragic hero. The play focuses on the changing character of Macbeth and his increasing greed for power. Many factors contribute to the changes to Macbeth throughout the play which cause the character to deteriorate from a man with nobility and good intentions to one who is ruled by ambition and greed. The play begins with the scene of three witches who prophesise that three events will occur to Macbeth. The Elizabethans believed strongly in supernatural, and associatedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth749 Words   |  3 Pages1. Macbeth, the tragic hero in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, suffers from the fatal flaws of insecurity and indecision, allowing him to easily be manipulated, which causes the audience to feel sympathetic toward him. After Macbeth has heard the prophecy from the three witches and he has been named thane of Cawdor, he is led to a strong internal conflict: â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion / Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair†¦ / Shakes so my single state of man that function / is smother’dRead MoreMacbeth - a Tragic Hero2214 Words   |  9 PagesWilliam Shakespeares play Macbeth, written in the 1600s is a perfect example of Shakespeares ability to manipulate his audience through creating a tragic hero. A tragic hero who, because of a flaw, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless murderer. It is through Sh akespeares manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and social expectations of the seventeenth century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeths persona of the tragic hero is enhancedRead MoreWomen in Gothic Literature Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagespassive, vulnerable, dependant and weak. However, a common theme in gothic novels is for this feeble female to feel sympathy for the villain, for example, Elizabeth in Frankesntein, Lucy in Dracula and Ophelia in Hamlet, sadly, this usually results in the innocent females tragic death such as Ophelia’s untimely suicide, which, similarly is seen in another of Shakespeare’s women, Lady Macbeth, although this female is certainly not fitting to the â€Å"helepless maiden† stereotype. She is an example of the otherRead MoreHow Shakespeare Makes the Banquet Scene Dramatic for the Audience1695 Words   |  7 PagesBanquet Scene Dramatic for the Audience The banquet scene takes place near the middle of Shakespeares world-famous play. All the action and drama happens in the hall, soon after the murder of king Duncan and Banquo. We find out at the beginning of the scene about Banquos murder with the arrival of the murderer, whom Macbeth has paid to eliminate Banquo. The murderer tells Macbeth that he slit Banquos throat. As the scene progresses we see Macbeths character developRead MoreViolence and Its Forms1776 Words   |  8 Pagessomething we desire to see as an audience, yet simultaneously a majority of people would never commit the atrocities found in â€Å"Macbeth.† There exists a thin line between acceptable violence and violence that turns an audience away from sympathizing with a character. In this essay we will evaluate the differences between the various forms of violence found within â€Å"Macbeth,† and analyze why the audience can accept some acts of violence, while deeming others inhumane. The clearest breeds of violence

The Rise of Christianity †Did Jesus Want to Start a New Religion Free Essays

If the Gospels are accurate in reporting that God sent Jesus to earth, what did Jesus come to earth to do? What was his mission? Let’s briefly consider a few of Jesus’ own statements about why he came. How better to discover his mission than to hear what he himself had to say about it? â€Å"Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets,† he said, thus endorsing the teaching of the entire Old Testament. â€Å"I have not come to abolish them, but to fulfill them† (Matthew 5:17). We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Christianity – Did Jesus Want to Start a New Religion? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jesus came to â€Å"fulfill† the Old Testament, in part, by living in complete obedience to God. Although he faced the same temptations that stalk us, it is written that he never sinned once. That’s why he could become the perfect sacrifice for every nation’s sins, as the Bible tells us: â€Å"God made him who had no sin [Jesus] to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God† (2 Corinthians 5:21). The Christian message is not merely about eternal life some day, after we die, in some far-off heaven. It is about living life to the maximum right here and right now. There really is no other way to take Jesus’ words: â€Å"The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I have come that they may have life† (John 10:10). In the era that Jesus walked the Earth in, we can imagine the Roman Empire. The Roman government practiced syncretism, accepting that all religious beliefs, philosophical teachings, and government systems are ultimately compatible, or a reflection of, a larger system – the Roman system. They practiced one of the first â€Å"one country, two systems† policies – pronouncing that all people had religious freedom, political freedom, and freedom of thought, yet maintaining strict control. The Jews held much distrust and often hatred for the Roman Empire – they were unwilling subjects. At the time of Jesus’ birth, the local Roman ruler, King Herod had initiated a massacre of all Jewish baby boys born at the time. Such actions added more reasons for Jewish resentment of the foreign Roman government. The Jews understood the world to be divided into two types of people: Jewish and Gentile (non-Jew). The Jews worked hard to disassociate themselves from the Gentiles. King Herod employed many laborers by commissioning many public works (e. g. building temple in Jerusalem, palaces, ports, fortresses, stadiums, ornate stone carvings, etc. ) There was a very large disparity between rich and poor. Jesus approached the scene with the proclamation that he had come to dispatch the difference between rich or poor, Gentile or Jew, and sinner or saint. While accumulating followers, others opposed his ministry with the belief that he was gaining fame all for the sake of wanting to be seen as God Almighty. All the same, Jesus never stated or claimed to be God. He did ,nonetheless ,claim to be the son of God. It is true that Jesus never said, â€Å"I am God† directly. However, most of His teachings were done through parables, and not by direct statements. His disciples asked Him why He taught this way. His answer was: â€Å"To you it has been granted to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been granted. For whoever has, to him shall more be given, and he shall have an abundance; but whoever does not have, even what he has shall be taken away from him. Therefore I speak to them in parables; because while seeing they do not see, and while hearing they do not hear, nor do they understand. † (Matthew 13:11-13) Along with witnessed miracles performed, his technique and approach reeled in crowds of all kinds of denominations. Some may hold the opinion that he hoodwinked desperate believers by using magic or tricks to allure them into his ministry. Others were awfully intimidated by Jesus and his prophecies , thus forth came his crucifixion. Even after death, there was still more to come. â€Å"Don’t be alarmed,† he said, â€Å"You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene, who was crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid him. † (Mark 16:6) The book from the evangelist Mark records that after three days, Jesus Christ arose from his grave and ascended back to Heaven to reunite with his father, God Almighty. After death and acclaimed resurrection, many still testified to spiritual and physical encounters with Jesus. One person who can testify to this is the apostle Paul. Apart from Jesus, Paul is the most significant figure in the development of early Christianity. He has profoundly influenced such monumental figures as Augustine, Luther, and Calvin. Of the 27 books of the New Testament, thirteen are attributed to Paul. Luke tells us in Acts 9 that Paul was on the road to Damascus when he saw a light from heaven and heard a voice saying, â€Å"Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?† Paul responds, â€Å"Who are you, Lord? † and the reply came, â€Å"I am Jesus whom you are persecuting. † Paul was blind for three days, and then his site was restored when Ananias laid hands on him. This story is not in Paul’s own writing, although Paul does tell us something of his conversion experience (See Gal. 1. 13. -16; 1 Cor. 15. 3-9). In one way or another, it seems that Paul believes that he received a revelation of the risen Christ. Whatever happened, it completely changed Paul’s life, and he went from being a persecutor of Christians to the greatest missionary of the early church. Paul’s influence of early Christianity was one of great measure. Paul was the author of many writings that were written during his imprisonment of an estimated six to seven years in Rome. During this period of time Paul authored books in letters to all churches holding different denominations with instruction and inspiration to motivate and minister to his readers about following the teachings of Christ and repenting their sins to God through prayer and worship. The Bible does not tell us how or when the apostle Paul died, and history does not provide us with any information. The only thing we have to go on is Christian tradition, which has Paul being behead in Rome, around the mid 60s A. D. , during the reign of Nero. His role in Christianity has resulted in giving him the title â€Å"The Founder of Christianity†. Just as Paul was captivated by his experience with Jesus many others also became believers because of their experiences. Recorded in the book according to the evangelist Luke, there was a woman with the inability to stand straight up (a condition referred to as stooped ) who meets Jesus on a Sabbath Day (A Saturday supposedly) in one of the synagogues of the city he was then in. Although the Law of Moses states that the Sabbath is a day of rest; Jesus heals this woman of her condition and she is then enabled to stand upright without unease and strain. Jesus is said to have opposed many rules and laws through his miracles, but nonetheless continued to heal and preach to many whether the situation and timing was convenient or not ; gaining many followers in the process of doing so. In response to the question of whether or not Jesus was setting out to form his own religion; it is my opinion that that is a misconception to say so. Jesus, in my perspective, was set on saving lives and teaching sinners to follow God and repent their sins so that they could join he and his father in Heaven. It will most likely always be someone’s opinion that Jesus had other motives behind his healing and ministries, however the revealing of the truth is yet to arrive to us. Was he our messiah or our magician? You decide. How to cite The Rise of Christianity – Did Jesus Want to Start a New Religion?, Papers

What were the Primary Reasons for the Fall of Rome free essay sample

Rome was quickly becoming one of the worlds greatest empires with their excellent military conquering territory from modern day Scotland to Spain. After the Punic Wars and the defeat of Carthage, Rome had full control of the Mediterranean region, establishing colonies in North Africa, Egypt, the Middle East, and Asia Minor. Julius Caesar became Romes first emperor using his military influence. Under his reign, Rome shifted from a republic to an empire under the rule of an emperor and the military. Rome steadily increased in stability, power, and wealth, reaching Pax Romana (the time of Roman peace) under Emperor Augustus Caesar. Rome was forced to discover, as many other large empires throughout history have, that size can create complications. Political strains developed and Rome eventually morphed into a government similar to a dictatorship. Believing their goal of a perfect empire had been reached, leaders in Rome began to become lazy. We will write a custom essay sample on What were the Primary Reasons for the Fall of Rome? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Romans developed a thirst for luxury and a lack of work ethic, which resulted in a decline in the quality of products made by the empire. Around the 5th century BC, Rome began to have constant invasion attempts by Germanic tribes at their borders. There was a multitude of factors contributing to the fall of Rome, the most impactful being the frequently changing leadership, the increasing negligence of the Roman army, and foreign invasions along Romes borders. Romes government went through a number of transitions; from republic to triumvirates, triumvirates to an empire, an empire to a dictatorship. As shown in Document A, a chart compiled from various sources, there came a period of time 235-285), after the start of Romes decline, where the leader of Rome changed 19 times, the throne belonging to whoever had enough military control to seize it. During this time, 13 of these emperors were killed through assassination. To citizens of the Roman Empire, this was Just another example of the loss of control in the government. Priscus, the Roman ambassador to the Huns in 449 CE, wrote of a conversation he had with a former Roman citizen whose land had been conquered by the Huns. [He] considered his new life better than his old life among the Romans He said] that the laws and constitution of the Romans were fair, but deplored that the governors, not possessing the spirit of former generations, were ruining the state. (Document E). Because of the degeneracy of Romes leaders, Roman citizens were losing faith in the restoration of the government to its former glory, so many citizens welc omed the chance for a new start when Germanic tribes conquered Roman territory. Many historians believe that Romes military was its greatest asset. The military reached its climax when General Marius allowed unwealthy plebeians to be recruited ith the promise of land. This motivated soldiers to conquer new territories to provide the new land that was necessary for Marius to fulfill his promise. The Roman military declined for many reasons, including a decrease in population due to plague and a heightened sense ot morals as a result ot the empires new religion: Christianity. The main reason for the Roman militarys downfall was the decreasing ambition in Roman soldiers. Document B, an excerpt from Concerning Military Matters by Roman historian Vegetius in 450 CE, demonstrates the development of pathy and laziness in soldiers. They no longer wore breastplates or helmets because of how heavy they seemed. This made the military much more vulnerable to archers and affected their mindset as well. If a soldier was more susceptible to wounds and was faced with a possibly deadly situation, his first instinct would be to flee. The Roman military was also decreased in size. Diseases decimated the population, The population of Rome decreased from a million people to 250,000 Recruitment of troops became more difficult, so the empire was increasingly educed to hiring Germanic soldiers to guard its frontiers. (Document F, an excerpt from World Civilizations: The Global Experience). These Germanic soldiers were not loyal to Rome and were therefore not as motivated to keep Rome afloat. Because of the undersized, lethargic Roman military and its aggressive opposition, Rome was very much open to foreign invasions. By the fifth century, the powerhouse of the Mediterranean was struggling to protect itself with its decreased population, apathetic military, and leaders with debauched morals. Outside of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes took notice of the internal chaos and began invading the empires borders. Many of the tribes were cruel and combative, such as the Huns. The Huns exceed any definition of savagery and were fired with an overwhelming desire for seizing the property of others, these swift-moving and ungovernable people make their destructive way amid the pillage and slaughter of those who live around them. (Document D, excerpts about an Asian tribe called the Huns from Roman History by Ammianus Marcellinus).

What the Hell Is Market Oriented Essay Example

What the Hell Is Market Oriented Essay The case of What the Hell is ‘Market Oriented’ analyses the Wolverine Controller Company. The company’s president and vice presidents had gathered to examine why their sales and earnings were off and market share was down in all product lines. The president calls a meeting in French Link, Indiana to observe the problems and solve them with his Vice Presidents. In the beginning of the meeting the president emphasizes the seriousness of the problems and gives a clue about how to survive. According to him the only way to get out of this mess is for them to become customer driven or market oriented. While he points out the way of run from this mess is ‘Market Oriented’, the marketing vice president understands it ‘Marketing Oriented’ and this is why the company cannot deal with problems because they are lack of communication and interaction. In this meeting every vice president defended on his or her department. Namely they do not see the departments as a whole; they just act as a self-centered. For example; according to the sales VP, if they have more salespeople, the company can grow faster, Manufacturing VP points out the hurdles occur because of the lack of technology in machinery, each vice president imply their department’s issues but no one does not imply the most important recipe: ‘Market Oriented’. Therefore what is ‘Market Oriented’? According to the text, if you have one sentence for ‘Market Oriented’ it should be ‘A set of process touching on all aspects of the company’ and it has three characteristics make a company market driven or market oriented. ) Information on all important buying influences permeates every corporate function This topic emphasizes the condition for being market oriented needs to understood the markets and people who want to buy its products and services. It is important for companies to choose them a customer segment because companies cannot satisfy all of their customers equally and the customer segment’s opinion is very important for companies to grow up. We will write a custom essay sample on What the Hell Is Market Oriented specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What the Hell Is Market Oriented specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What the Hell Is Market Oriented specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are some ways to get feedback from customers, for example; companies should have total free 800 numbers and company stuffs should visit their customers to get new ideas for products. 2- ) Strategic and tactical decisions are made interfunctionally and interdivisionally. This topic emphasizes that each function and division must be thought as a whole thing. Each department should advise to other and each of them should be open minded. 3- ) Divisions and functions make ell-coordinated decisions and execute them with a sense of commitment This topic emphasizes the importance of communication, interaction and collaboration for the company’s success. If the companies do not use these tools effectively, cannot be successful even the products are good. It is the first step for ‘Market Oriented’ when Wolverine in gathering everybody in French Lick. Thanks to this meeting president and vice presidents understand what to do for achieving success, they choose 20 custom ers to visit and collect information from them for analyzing the customer needs. Consumers are not only the important issue for them but also competitors are important as well. They choose 7 competitors for analyzing. They divide the tasks among departments and decide which department will do what task? After the plan started, the relationship among departments are changed, staff become open minded and can say their own ideas, and take more responsibility than past, the sales and earnings are slowly increased, stock price comes to oneself. After one year, Wolverine’s management group had gathered in French Lick again with their MIS VP. The new plan takes some concerns, one of them is how cope with inordinate demand, the other is how to touch ‘Market Orientation’ more, but they can handle these issues as well thanks to their interaction and communication to each other. Finally, Wolverine prove its self as a ‘Market Oriented’ company by thinking customers and the corporation as a whole, collecting data from customers and then analyzing it and having departments participate in a competition.

Battles at Ypres essays

Battles at Ypres essays During the first battle of Ypres, both sides tried to use the best tactical features possible. Ammunition in this battle was so low that most guns were withdrawn from the line and some of the guns with ammo left were limited to one shot every half of an hour. The City of Ypres was virtually at sea level resulting in a complex drainage system. The Belgians warned the British that their position on the Germans would destroy their complex drainage system of dykes and canals from all of the heavy artillery fire. Some very harsh lessons were being learned in this battle as well. One of these lessons were that it was unsafe to have an important headquarters in a vulnerable position. The British made this mistake once and they were sure not to do it again. The Germans were doing unusually better than they had thought. They did not realize they had roughly 50,000 British casualties and 20,000 French casualties resulting in mass OVERKILL. They also didn't realize that they were kill ing some of the best and most experienced regiments of the British army. As winter set in , and that meant snow, rain, sleet, hail, and floods, both sides dug into the trenches as best they could. The Germans had the higher and dryer ground so they could build stone establishments near the front. Looking at the British side, they were all wet, sticky, smelly, had had some of the worst cases of trench foot in the war. The second battle of Ypres was not meant to be a major one. This battle also introduced poison gas to the Western Front. Later on, the whole Ypres area would be saturated with gas of every kind, mainly mustard gas, but phosgene and others would soon appear. Troops were trained on how to smell the different gasses. The CO's said phosgene smelt of musty hay. Some of the troops reported that it smelt of sweet hay but by the time they smelt it was usually too late. The G ...

Issues in Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues in Human Sexuality - Essay Example And this depression is exclusive to women, so the article says. â€Å"However, depression scores between females who used to condoms and those who did not engage in sexual intercourse were not significantly different.† I think this last statement is significant. This makes us come to the conclusion that those to who took part in an act of coitus and those who did not are liable to be in a state of depression. If a woman is prone to depression, she can very well be depressed as well as not whether having coitus or not. And in the latter case the question of the antidepressant effects of semen does not arise at all. But most of the studies on the subject points out to the view that semen does act an anti depressant. It is found that â€Å"seminal plasma testosterone, estrogen, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, prolactin and a number of different prostaglandins.† Many of these compounds are absorbed through the vagina. These postulates were tested methodically at The State University of New York at Albany. The volunteers were from those who attended the upper division undergraduate courses. One could safely state that these were at a stage when they were at the height of sexual activity. The tests produced results that in a large measure agreed with the hypothesis that semen has antidepressant properties in females after sexual intercourse. It was conducted in terms of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI as is popularly known. It is a widely used measure of individual differences in depressive symptoms. But like most tests it did not produce results that conclusively prove the hypothesis. But the deviations that were apparent were not of any great proportions.

Black Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Black - Essay Example The leaders of this organization enjoin to its members following of a strict Islamic code of behavior, which covers such issues as interpersonal relations, dress, and diet (Black Muslims, 1). The origins of Black Muslims are found in two black self-improvement movements initiated before the World War I. One of these organizations was the Moorish Science Temple of America, which was founded by Prophet Drew Ali in 1913. Soon after death of Ali in 1929, the movement has been headed by Wallace D. Fard, who has founded a mosque in Detroit in 1930 and thus has set a beginning of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims, 1). Wallace Fard was also known as Master Farad Muhammad, and called the Great Mahdi, Allah, or God by Black Muslims (Black Muslims, 1). Fard claimed that he was a member of the Quarish tribe to which Prophet Muhammed belonged and called himself â€Å"Asiatic Black man† (Fishman, Eric, and Soage, 60). The second movement which has set the origin of the Black Muslims, was the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914(Black Muslims, 1). Marcus Garvey was a black nationalist born in St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica (Mugleston, n.p.). UNIA for Garvey was an instrument for racial advancement for the rest of his life (Mugleston, n.p.). The slogan of the movement was â€Å"One Aim, One God, One Destiny†, and appealed to the black American soldiers who came back after serving abroad during WWI to the racist society (Mugleston, n.p.). Adherents to Non Christianity were a group of people, some of whom have made their contribution to the birth of Black Islam. By the mid of 1970s, the total number of Non-Christian Religious Adherents in the US was almost 10% of the total population – 20,789,000 people. Black Muslims were a subcategory of this group and comprised 200,000 people in the mid of 1970s (Infoplease.com, n.p.). The share of Black Muslims among the

Upwardly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Upwardly - Essay Example For instance, the people of Muruguru village have been for a long time suffered because of impassable roads; thus difficult to reach customers in the market easily. However, the introduction of the mobile phone use has significantly changed their lifestyles because they are nowadays able to reach their customers in the market easily; thus improving their business activities. Ewing (380) argues that the mobile phone use can dramatically improve the living standards through saving time on wasted trips, offering information about prices of the products and even conducting banking services. It also affects the living standards of people through changing the developing markets faster. There are many millions of mobile subscribers across the globe and the effect of mobile use is more dramatic than in Africa, where mobile technology represents the modern infrastructure (Ewing 380). The increasing research evidence reveals that access to communications boost the income levels and makes the local economies efficient; thus improving the standards of living (Ewing (381). The mobile phone use has also fueled the growth of financial services in the global market. This is because many subscribers have nowadays started using mobile money transfer services. Hence, the mobile phones have extended the financial services to billions of poor citizens, who do not have acces s to the bank (Ewing (381). For instance, the M-Pesa services in Kenya, that was launched by Safaricom Company has enabled many clients to make money transfer effectively; thus contributing to economic growth. However, the mobile phone use in Africa differs from that of the U.S and Europe because it is widely used in developing nations for money transfer more than in the developed nations. This has encouraged many investors from developed nations to invest in poor nations. The local operators operating communal phone services for money transferring business

Effects of Greenhouse Gases on the Environment

Effects of Greenhouse Gases on the Environment What are the three human affected sources of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 75words 704-705 Krogh (2011), states that the three human affected sources of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are from the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and the amount of cattle we raise. These three affects either put in too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere or doesn’t produce enough. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, gives off a great deal of carbon dioxide gases into our atmosphere. Deforestation is the cutting sown of trees, which eliminates the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis among other plant life. It also has the effect of putting too much CO2 into the atmosphere because trees are known to take up CO2 and make oxygen for the atmosphere instead. Another greenhouse effect produced by humans is in the amount of cattle and rice we need to grow. Since we have to mass produce crops and cattle for the alarming number of human growth, this ultimately allows high amounts of gases into our atmosphere. You are hiking with a friend and reach the peak of a mountain after a long climb. On your climb upward, you had a clear trail with a little grass and small shrubs along the way. But looking down the other side, you see lush vegetation and many broadleaf trees farther down the slope. Your friend wonders why there is such a big difference. What explanation can you offer your friend? 75 words I would let my friend know that he/she is seeing the effects of the rain shadow. Krogh (2011), says that mountain ranges force air to rise, and drops its moisture on the windward side (pg.711). As a result, when the air travels over to the other side of the mountain it no longer as any moisture to drop. This obviously leaves no more rain to fall to nourish plant life and animal life, leaving it dry and inhabitable to much animal life. Compare and contrast ecological dominants with keystone species and give examples. 200 words 671-672,G5,G8 Krogh (2011), defines ecological dominants as a species that is abundant and obvious in a given community (pg.G5). He goes on to define keystone species as a species whose absence of a community would bring significant change in that community (Krogh, pg.G8). In an ecological dominant community it is usually always seen as a community of plants and shrubs. In the keystone species, its community is usually always seen in animal life such as the sea star. Although they are known to be of small numbers they produce a huge impact on our ecosystem when disturbed. For example, in the keystone species once a predatory animal is removed from its habitat the others in the â€Å"community† face the dangers of other predators. This can result in the elimination of a species. While in the ecological dominants community, they are always so largely populated that they take over others for survival. Krogh (2011), gives an example of the Kansas prairie fields that are dominated by tallgrass f or the ecological dominants, and the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus for the keystone species (pg.672). As stated above, they are different in the way they affect the ecosystem, but they are similar in the way that they are both a type of species. Give an example of why keystone species play a large role in community despite the fact that they may be present in relatively small numbers. 200 words 671-673 Keystone species are relatively smaller in numbers but have a huge impact on the ecosystem when disturbed. Keystone species are known as predators that can control a single community and without them the other species within the community may not be able to survive. This can be seen through the example that Krogh (2011) gives with the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus (pg.672). This is a good example because even though they live in moderately small quantities, once you remove it from its community the results can be catastrophic for the rest of the community. Removing the predatory sea star would leave the rest of them vulnerable to other predators, and may end in the extinction of them if the predatory sea star does not return. In other words, once the sea star has been removed it starts a trickling down effect on other sea animals among its biomass. More and more species that live in or near the sea star ecosystem will start to disappear due to lack of food or the overpowering of other predators in the sea. Another result of the of removal of a keystone species is now newer species are able to come in and take over the habitat they once lived in so they can flourish and live in that ecosystem. Explain the four types of biological community interaction and give examples. 500 words The four types of biological community interactions are: competition, predation and parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. The competition interaction is a competition between two or more species (Krogh, pg. 674). This is a competition among species for resources in order to survive. These species do not compete by fighting, but rather by gathering enough resources to outlive the next species. This competition can be between species of the same or a different community. This competition can result in the extinction of a species because of lack of resources to survive. Krogh (2011), give the example of competition between the P. aurelia and the P. caudatum (Krogh, pg.674). In this experiment, both organisms were grown in the same test tube. It was documented that instead of either one trying to attack the other, the P. aurelia just outgrew the P. caudatum. This ultimately resulted in the P. caudatum to die out due to lack of room and resources (Krogh, pg.674). This type of biologica l interaction can be seen in many different types of species. It can also be seen in resource partitioning. This is where two species don’t attack one another for resources, but they take up two different sides of the resource in order to survive, thus leaving one another alone for the time being. The second biological community interaction can be viewed between predation and parasitism. This is where one species benefits while a different species is affected. Predators will obtain their resources through eating their prey, while parasites will live on other species and obtain its food through them. A big difference between the two is that they predator doesn’t live on its prey like the parasite. Also, the predator kills for its food, and the parasite won’t always kill its host for resources. Krogh (2011), give an example of the predator interaction with the common house cat and the rat (Krogh, pg.676-677). The cat preys on the rat as a vital food resource. He a lso gives the example of the strangler fig tree for the parasitism interaction. This tree will wrap its roots around a host tree to obtain nutrients and eventually killing it (pg.676). The third biological interaction is mutualism. Mutualism is an interaction between different species that does not end up in the harming of either one of them. Instead is a helpful interaction among the two different species. Krogh (2011), shows the interactions between the rhinoceros and the oxpecker birds as a good example of this mutualism interaction (pg.680). In this example, the oxpecker bird will sit on the back of the rhino eating any foreign objects off of it, and the rhino in return will provide a safe place for the bird to reside. The fourth type of interaction within communities can be seen through commensalism. This interaction is also among different species, but it results in one of the species flourishing while the other is left unaffected. An example of this type of interaction is exp lained with a bird and a tree (Krogh, 2011). Birds tend to make nest within the branches of a tree to have a place to live and flourish while leaving the tree unaffected of its existence.

All Quiet on the Western Front: Youth at War Essay -- Literary Analysi

All Quiet on the Western Front: The Youth at War Lost: unable to find one’s way; gone, no longer in existence; confused; destroyed; lacking morals, or spiritual hope; forlorn.(Encarta Dictionary) The word lost takes on a whole new, three-dimensional meaning when used to describe a generation of young soldiers in Erich Maria Remarque’s novel, All Quiet on the Western Front. This fictional account of the First World War traces its effects on the protagonist, Paul Baumer, and his German comrades. As written in the preface, the novel is an attempt â€Å"to tell of a generation of men, who even though they may have escaped the shells, were destroyed by the war†. The author of All Quiet on the Western Front utilizes the brutality of war to demonstrate how young enlisters, as they become alienated from their past and future, learn of war’s terrible effects and consequences. All Quiet on the Western Front details the time spent by a group of young German soldiers on the front lines of the Great War. The protagonist, Paul Baumer, along with his schoolmates, Muller Leer and Albert Kropp, enlist in the army at the ripe age of eighteen. Their fellow soldiers: Tjaden, Haier Westhus, Detering, and Katczinsky (Kat), whom they quickly form a bond of comradeship with, experience the same hopelessness as Paul and his schoolmates. Remarque introduces Paul and the other characters as cynical soldiers lacking the ability to reconnect with humanity because of the harshness of combat. Due to their current emotional state, the young soldiers are alienated from memories of their past. Upon his return home on leave, Paul discovers that he is not only disconnected from the world he left behind, but also incapable of regenerating a desire to live life. As a... ...fe. Remarque uses the contrast between the older generations of soldiers, schoolmasters, and men with higher military rank to convey how the youth at war are more negatively affected. As Barker and Last conclude, â€Å" only the older generation, like Kat, will be able to slip back more or less unscarred into civil life....†(82) Paul argues that the older generation â€Å"represented the world of maturity† that was â€Å"associated with greater insight and a more humane wisdom.†(Remarque 12-3) However, this ideal in which their elders signified was quickly shattered by the reality of war. Remarque conveys in his book that the older generation had suffered less because the war was a mere â€Å"interruption†, the young men, in contrast, â€Å"have been gripped by it and do not know what the end maybe. We know only that in some strange and melancholy way we have become a wasteland.† (20)

Everyday Use Essay Essay

In â€Å"Everyday use† Maggie gained the most emotionally because she finally got something she wanted after years of feeling she didn’t deserve the things she desired. Dee, Maggie’s sister, usually could take what she wished from her mother’s home such as the churn top from a butter churn her family had for years. Meanwhile Maggie usually assumed it was the way life went and that other people were more deserving of the things they wished for than she was. When Dee asked her mother for two quilts their grandmother had handmade, her mother told her no and that the quilts were promised to Maggie. In this case Maggie finally gained something she wished for and was shown she deserved it too. Part of Maggie’s belief that she didn’t deserve the things she wanted sprung from her sister’s ability to get everything she asked for. Dee, as it would seem always received everything she asked for when she asked for it. When Dee was graduating from high school she requested a yellow organdy dress to wear on the evening of her graduation which her mother purchased fro her. This showed Maggie that Dee received many things she wanted, while she remained with the little she already had, never asking for much. When Dee asked her mother for the hand carved churn top their relatives had made her mother gave it too her with no problems, even though it was an important piece from their family. This gave Maggie another example of how her sister got things she would have liked to keep. Maggie often felt that she didn’t deserve as many good things as her sister got. Maggie was often stuck with lesser than that of what her sister received and believed that was how life worked for her. As a child Maggie was badly burned in a house fire while her sister escaped just fine, this resulted in her feeling insignificant and shuffling everywhere she went trying to hide her face. The fire having burned and scarred her made her believe she deserved the lower hand of all things in life. Maggie’s school was closed when she was young while Dee went on through full education, this made Maggie feel simple and uneducated. The advantage of her sister’s education made Maggie feel lesser and undeserving. Before the events in the story Maggie felt more like an outcast and unimportant. When Maggie’s mother gave the quilts to Maggie instead of Dee it shocked Maggie and helped her change her perspective on how she should be treated. Dee who always got what she wanted begged and begged for the quilts and expected to receive them. Maggie also expected so and believed her sister was more deserving of the quilts than she was, she told her mother to give the quilts to Dee. Maggie’s mother instead gave the quilts to Maggie shocking everyone and giving Maggie something she deserved for once. In the end Maggie was shown she deserved just as much as everyone else and that life didn’t always give certain people what they wanted. Her sister who had always gotten everything she desired was not given what she wanted for once. Showing her that their was a little fairness to the way things work. While Maggie received what her sister had asked for, getting something she wanted for the first time. This showed Maggie she deserved a little more than she was getting. Over all the event with the quilts broke Maggie’s mindset and gave her a new view on how she was treated.

Richman Investments “Internal Use Only” Data Classification Standard

Richman Investments â€Å"Internal Use Only† Data Classification Standard The â€Å"Internal Use Only† data classification standard at Richman Investments will include the most basic IT infrastructure domains to include the User Domain, Workstation Domain, and the LAN Domain. This will encompass all users and their workstations, as well their access to the internet and company server databases and any information in between. The User Domain will enforce an acceptable use policy (AUP) to define what each user can and cannot do with any company data shall he or she have access to it.As well as with company users, any outside contractor or third-party representatives shall also need to agree and comply with the AUP. All users must be properly identified and sign this AUP prior to gaining any access whatsoever to the company network. No exceptions. Any violation will be taken up with company executives and/or the authorities to assess further punitive action. The Workstatio n Domain includes all workstations approved on the company network. No personal devices or removable media may be used on this network. All devices and removable media will be issued by the company for official use only.To access any workstation, a user will need to be first verified, then setup with an account to be logged in with a username and pass code adhering to the IT departments set standards. All systems will undergo regular updates and be provided with anti-virus and anti-malware software for system monitoring. Access Control Lists (ACLs) will be drawn up to appropriately define what access each individual will have. Any violations will cause an immediate suspension of privileges and again the person(s) in violation will be subject to company executives decisions and/or the authorities for punitive action.The LAN Domain will include all data closets, physical elements of the LAN, as well as logical elements to be designated by authorized personnel. Authorized personnel wil l be properly screened and authorized by the IT department head and given a special access card with separate pin code as well their normal username and pass code. Each closet will require this special access card and code to gain admittance. Each server will also require this card and code along with separate username and login credentials.Any hardware, software and equipment is to be installed by these persons only on any machine. Along with that, they will assure proper print, e-mail, and file server setups. They will also be responsible for designating access to users according to ACLs. This includes setup and securing any company Wireless Access Points (WAPs) for use with company devices only. Any violations will be cause for immediate removal of special access rights and suspension of privileges. Again they will be dealt with by company executives and/or the authorities for further punitive action.

How to Make Connections with College Professors

How to Make Connections with College Professors By all means, form as many bonds and make as many friends as possible while in school, but don’t neglect the connections you form with college professors. Those can come through in tight spots professionally, and professors are typically well-connected amazing people. Let’s talk about 5 solid ways to get close without stepping over any bounds. 1. Impress the Connections out of Them There’s so many faces like yours coming and going; so many papers to grade, cups of coffee to drink and meetings to attend. You’re going to have to stick out without being a jackass. If you’re trying to get either the professor or other students to laugh during class, you’re probably not impressing anyone. Here’s a couple tips: Details: Pay attention to the little things because your professors will be. The quickest way to impress is to NOT do all the things they expect students to do. Be THAT person who takes the time to understand protocol, be prompt and pay attention to details! Now, don’t make light of this practice, just realize that it IS noticed and appreciated. Study Up: Has the professor written a book? Many books? Do they have a blog? If you take the time to get to know them as a person, you can see what motivates them. This way you can add nuances to everything you do that will catch their interest. Barely anyone does this, so it can work like a charm. Show interest in them. 2. Be Available Willing to Serve It’s not about what your professor can do for you, but what you can do for your professor. Don’t sit in the back of class, but don’t attempt to be a teacher’s pet either. Make it obvious what you’re doing, which is no different than your professor did. Making connections in college is par for the course (forgive the pun). Consistent: Don’t pester, but be consistent. Let them know you’re standing at the ready to be of service in any way possible. The Word: Don’t treat only one of your professors this way, but all those whom you think could become a mutually beneficial connection. Options: If they’ve already got their assistants covered and don’t need your help in the office, is there something you could do for them in their private lives? Cut the lawn? Landscaping? Perhaps just a some quality conversation on interesting class-related topics? 3. Set Up Communication Early On Don’t wait, quickly stop by their office to personally introduce yourself. Don’t be bubbly and overflowing with youthful angst, just relax and act as professionally informal as possible. Now, try not to mention grades, period. Instead, focus on these three things. Your Goals: Your goals are what you intend to learn from the professor. Don’t dehumanize them by only referring to â€Å"class.† Their Goals: Let them know you appreciate their position and knowledge without kissing their backside. Make it clear that it is your intention because you would like to impress them and get to know them better. There’s absolutely nothing wrong with this, and they know it. Keep it Short: No long-winded conversations for your first couple visits. Keep it short and stay well behind the informal boundary. A couple minutes is all it takes to make a great impression. 4. Don’t Ask to Be Called On Your professors should know you’ve got your act together. You study, you take the course seriously, you intend to get to know them better and you’re a star player. But, never make this obvious in class and NEVER try to upstage the professor in front of students. Wait: Don’t be a jabber jaw and or a Mr. Know it all. Why speak in class if you’re not called on? What’s the point? Are you really going to argue with someone and de-rail the professor’s plan for class? Defer: Instead of hogging the class conch, say what you need to say to make a good point and then pass it along. Do what you can to let other people keep the lime light. Listen: Keep your ears open and listen to the issues, concerns and problems that other students are having. This information can come in handy. If the professor sees you making their job easier, they’ll notice you for it. 5. Be Human Ask for Help If you’re having a hard time, or going through a crisis, don’t complain in class or complain to other students in the class. Instead, bring your very human issues to your equally human professor. Oftentimes they will bend over backwards to help students that need and ask for it without being a pain. Hope this helps. Remember, your professors are like windows into professional worlds. Don’t neglect them and do what you can to form mutually beneficial connections. So, what have you done to get closer to your professors? What’s working or not working for you?

Business Negotiation Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Negotiation Skills - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the opposition to the project had begun with the filing of suit against Enron in the Indian High Court. Opposition political powers at the state made this a huge issue in the approaching Maharashtra assembly elections and with the change of government; the contract was annulled by the MSEB causing daily loss of US$250,000 to Enron and its partners. The contract was further renegotiated at the behest of Enron with the new state government. After agreeing to new terms and conditions stipulated by the MSEB, and the 1st phase was completed and second phase of producing electricity started but the MSEB failed in paying back the agreed tariff rate. By the same time, Enron also filed for bankruptcy. As the report declares Enron signed a contract with the Maharashtra Sate Electricity Board (MSEB) by putting its and its partner companies’ stakes in Dabhol Power Project. The negotiations for the project began primarily with the two stakeholders from the Indian government, one was the Indian state of Maharashtra and the other was MSEB. The project proposal of making a 2015 megawatt power plant with the proposed investment of US$3 billion was cleared initially. On its side, Enron was not the sole company; it had made and entered into joint initiative with the investment of 10% each by General Electric and Bechtel. It required Liquefied Natural Gas to power the plant, which it arranged from another of its joint venture in Qatar, 1200 miles away from the plant location in Dabhol.

Rhetorical criticism, a proposition paper about Derrida Jacque Essay

Rhetorical criticism, a proposition paper about Derrida Jacque - Essay Example With this in mind, it is possible to provide a general evaluation of the â€Å"deconstruction† of the otherness between writing and speech, and why his literary essay â€Å"deconstruction† has been heavily critiqued. Derrida adopted a narrow understanding of the language. His argument that words are only used to signify other words and not thoughts or things has been the subject of much criticism. "Logocentrism" was his major point of quarrel, that assumption (as he perceived it) is that individuals have ideas in their minds, ideas that human brains try to express through speech or the art of writing. Nonetheless, his ideas cannot be further from the truth. There is no one individual possessing the complete significance of the words contained in them. Written messages, on the other hand, may some independence from the author and his intended purpose. Again, Derridas unconventional understanding of the Westerns philosophical history, an understanding through which philosophers are hypothetically required to be reproaching writing, at the same time favoring the oral language is not based on a factual understanding of the written works of the primary writers in the tradition of philosophy. Derrida, instead only analyzes a few primary figures at any point: Husserl, Plato, and Rousseau. Relatively, it appears inspired by his strong belief that all things in Logocentrism are based on this matter. If Derrida can treat the elements of a properly redefined concept of writing as conclusive of the matters that the field of philosophy has been mandated with – as definitive of certainty, realism, logic, etc. – then he contemplates that he is capable of deconstructing the said perceptions (Vardoulakis, 2009). The evidence that verbal communication is actually writing that writing comes before oral communication is dependent on redefinition. Through those methodologies, an individual can substantiate anything. An individual can prove that rich individuals

Army Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Army Leadership - Research Paper Example However, as in most cases the direct leaders have influences to other people they should on the other hand encourages hard work, instructsand recognizes great achievements of other individuals. The US military was made up of lifeblood army who ensured changes in the United States Army. The US army leaders were ready for any challenges that may come before them in order to handle with great solders that have risen through hardships and from range of qualified professional solders who always accomplishes their missions with great intelligence(Army Leadership of United States, 2012). The challenging and complex circumstances could provide ground for leaders who were expected to make wise, timely and effective decisions to achieve the mission. The army leaders were therefore, assigned to take responsibilities by inspiring the influences of individuals to accomplish the US organizational targets. The Army on the other hand was expected to motivate both internal and external people to pursue actions, shape decisions and focus thinking for the best to the organization. The US Army military requires leaders who are capable of making appropriate choices and joining direction for an organization. The leaders were therefore required to influence people by providing the society with facts, direction and motivating individuals to achieve the mission in order to improve the organization status (Army Leadership of United States, 2012). The US organization was expected to have multiple foundations for checkups and access situations to provide input decisions. The leadership in US is taken as the process of influence since the leadership doctrine was endorsed in 1948. Leadership in Army of US as an element of combat power unifies other elements such as mission command, information, intelligences, fires and protection(Army Leadership of United States, 2012). The Army is unable to

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behaviour Essay Humans are always affected by their surroundings. Motivators try to overcome barriers, which stop people being motivated. Certain theories suggest people work harder under certain conditions. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). One of the most adopted theories by managers, is Maslows Hierachy of Needs. Maslows theory assumes that: human needs are inexhaustible: as one set of needs is satisfied, another rises in its place, which means that needs are arranged in a hierarchy. (Maslow, 1954). Maslows Hierachy, includes: physiological, security, affiliation, esteem needs, and self-actualisation. Maslow believes that people start with security needs, and work their way up, until they reach self-actualisation. Maslows Theory suggests that the needs, which are satisfied no longer, have a motivational effect, which would relate to increasing pay. Satisfying an employee in the short term, but in the future, their needs will increase. (Maslow 1954). Critics have argued that Maslows theory is arrogant, meaning it is impossible to make generalisations about needs and strengths, because every individual is unique. Maslows use of armchair theorising resulted in often-contradicted evidence. His theory explains what motivates staff, but what does it motivate staff to do? Hopefully increase standard of work, output, human relations, resulting in completion of manager objectives. (Cullen, 1997). Herzbergs Radical, and widely used Two-Factor Theory, avoids using the term need, and divided the work environment in to two main groups: hygiene factors and motivators. The Hygiene Factors simply assume that these are needed, not for an employee to feel motivated, but to stop them from feeling dissatisfied. E.g. salary, job security, appealing working conditions, quality of supervision, administration and impersonal relations. Hygiene factors ensure that a state of no dissatisfaction exists without them, motivators cannot work. (Herzberg, 1959). Criticisms of Herzbergs theory note that Herzbergs methodology of research (critical incident technique) is flawed, because workers asked about experience of motivation often shift blame of bad experiences, on to their employers. As a result, the characterisation of hygiene, and motivator factors is flawed. Researcher biases could have occurred, and this technique generally makes things appear one sided without considering the individual. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). Taylors theory of scientific management pro-pay to motivate, and was developed as he worked his way up from a labourer to a works manager. The concept behind his theory, has been constructed from his career experience, giving a certain element of bias. Taylor assumed that humans respond as individuals, not groups; man is a rational and economic animal concerned with maximising his economic gain; and People can be treated in a standardised fashion, like machines. (Taylor) Taylor decided managers would benefit from his theories, purely because if the member of staff did not work, then they would not receive a fair days pay. However, if they met the targets, which were seen as a motivator, then the employee would receive extra bonuses. (Taylor) Critics have argued that Taylors theory may work well with some, but it ignores the differences between people. Money may well motivate some, (extrinsic rewards which are tangible) however, things other than financial rewards might motivate others. For example, McClellands Theory of Learned Needs suggests that some people (depending on the societies values acquired) have a desire to achieve, far more than to earn money i.e. intrinsic rewards like using skills or social rewards. (McClelland, 1967). This implies that managers who employ staff with the desire to achieve, will not be influenced by pay. This theory is all so backed by Kohn who said: Incentives do not alter the attitude that underlie our behaviours. (Kohn A, 1993). If this is the case, then it would be very difficult for an employer to use other means to motivate, because of their society values. The British Journal of Industrial Relations performed a survey on the staff at the Inland Revenue. It was clear that a majority of the staff (57%) supported the principle of performance-related pay. However, when asked if PRP had raised their motivation at work, 12% yes, while 76% said no. It is clear therefore that the Inland Revenue, staff had little or no increase in motivation to change their output, or quality of work. The research conducted analysed staff views, rather than changes in output, a member of staff that believed they were less motivated, is very likely to be less motivated, purely because motivation is a state of mind. i.e. does the: person feel it appropriate to pursue a certain course of action, directed at achieving a specified outcome, and in which the person chooses to pursue those outcomes with a degree of vigour and persistence. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). The study found that most staff were de-motivated at IR. This might have happened because some thought the whole principle unfair, because they felt they had been cheated out of an award to which they were entitled. This all so backs up Herzbergs Theory of Hygiene factors, suggesting that without e.g. appropriate salary, staff will feel de-motivated, and as a result, managers would be disappointed with the results. 55% of Inland Revenue staff felt that after PRP, their morale was undermined, and 25% disagreed, whilst others were uncertain. This shows that (although the evidence is uncertain in the Inland Revenue case), it would be easy to assume the motivational effect was actually negative. Conclusion In conclusion the research has shown that in the case of the Inland Revenue, the short-term workers were motivated by the scheme. Backing Maslows Theory of needs, that once an objective is achieved, a new one replaced it, as the older members of staff were not motivated by an increase in pay. Therefore, it could be said that managers would benefit from the increased staff pay to boost short term effects, but they will be dissatisfied with the results in the long term. The evidence suggests that Herzberg (1959) is right, in general in terms of his hygiene factors, but this system does not apply across the board. However, for most managers, the idea that adhering to the minimum working environment requirements, managers will not de-motivate staff, nor will it encourage people to remain in employment with the same company for many years. Word Count: 1096 The assignments aim, is to give a critical understanding of how managers relying on pay to motivate their employees to higher levels of job performance, may or may not be satisfied with the outcome. Humans are always affected by their surroundings. Motivators try to overcome barriers, which stop people being motivated. Certain theories suggest people work harder under certain conditions. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). This involves researching theories of motivation, and then discussing what each say about pay as a motivator. I will then evaluate how worthwhile the information is, based on whether or not the theory is well regarded and supported by the researched literature.

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment Abstract A Diels Alder reaction was done during this experiment between anthracene and maleic anhydride via to yield 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride. Anthracene was the diene and maleic anhydride was the dienophile. Following recrystallization of the product using xylene and vacuum filtration, a percent yield of 39.9% was calculated for the recrystallized product that was collected. The yield may have been low due to several of the crystals being stuck to flask and not going into the funnel, and there may have been other sources of error. The percent recovery from recrystallization was 56%. The melting point of the recrystallized product was 260 264 °C, while the literature melting point of 262 264 °C. Comparing these values shows that the product was indeed and that recrystallization yielded a purer product. Upon examination of an infrared spectrum of the product and of anthracene and maleic anhydride spectra, the data showed that the product spectru m had similarities with both spectrums for anthracene and the maleic anhydride. This indicated that 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride was a product of both anthracene and maleic anhydride, and thus that the experiment was successful. Figure 1: Reaction scheme of 9,10 dihydroanthracene-9, 10- ÃŽÂ ±, ß-succinic anhydride Introduction The 1950, Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder were awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on the discovery and development of [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Diels-Alder reactions are used to synthesize new carbon-carbon bonds, more commonly they form six-membered cyclic compounds. The Diels-Alder reaction is categorized as a pericyclic reaction, which involves the overlap of spatial orbitals as well as the hybridization and delocalization of the molecules.1 The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a class of reactions called cycloadditions, which are under pericyclic reactions. Usually, the reaction involves three à Ã¢â€š ¬ bonds, two from the diene and one from the dienophile in the reaction to form a six-membered ring.Since this reaction involves four à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons in the diene and two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons from the dienophile, it is sometimes referred to as a 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ cycloaddition. Various chiral auxiliaries and catalysts for asymmetric Die ls-Alder chemistry have been developed that allow the cycloaddition to proceed with very high levels of selectivity.3 The use of chiral Lewis acid catalysts and high pressure to enhance the selectivity and rate of these [4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬]-cycloadditions have further extended the scope of this remarkable reaction.1,2 Diels-Alder reactions are normally favored by electron donating groups on the diene and electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile. The diene must be able to achieve a s-cis conformation to generate the cis double bond in the cyclohexene product.3 Acyclic dienes may rotate around a single bond, but dienes locked in the s-trans conformation do not react.3 The purpose of this experiment is to yield 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride via a Diels Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, as shown in figure 1. Anthracene acts as the diene and maleic anhydride functions as the dienophile. Xylene is used as a high boili ng temperature solvent so that the reaction will proceed quickly. A key characteristic of these reactions is their stereospecificity.3 Based on the interaction between a cyclic diene and a dienophile, different stereoisomeric compounds are formed. Stereochemistry represents a major component of the Diels-Alder reaction.2 Due to the interaction and arrangement between the conjugated diene and dienophile, an endo and exo product could be formed, which can characterize the reaction as stereo- and/or regioselective. Experimental Instruments used: The instruments that were used were the Thomas Hoover Melting, and a Nicolet IR 100 FT-IR were used in this experiment. Procedure and Observations: A reflux apparatus was assembled. Xylene (6 mL), anthracene (0.5 g), and maleic anhydride (0.25 g) were added to a round bottom flask (25 mL). The solution turned a yellow color when the reactants were added together. The reflux was then started, and once it began to boil, it was boiled for 30 minutes. A watch glass was weighed (35.55 g), which the product would later be transferred to. After reflux, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and then xylene (6 mL) was added to a test tube and laced into an ice bath. The solution appeared to be a golden yellow color after the reflux. Next, xylene (15 mL) was added to a beaker (50 mL), and then a vacuum apparatus was assembled. The solution was placed chilled for 5 minutes, and it became cloudy and crystals began to form. The solution was filtered through a Buchner funnel on the vacuum filtration. After the vacuum filtration, the crude product were light yellowish-brown crystals. Xylene (15 mL) was boiled , and was then added to the crude product, just enough to cover it, and was heated. The crystals began to dissolve the hot xylene was added, and as it dissolved the color became lighter and clearer. Once dissolved, the solution was then placed into an ice bath, after being cooled to room temperature. It was then put through the vacuum filtration; the recrystallized product was allowed to dry, and then weighed (0.28 g). Finally, the product was analyzed using IR and the melting point apparatus. References C. Oliver Kappe, S. Shaun Murphree, Albert Padwa, Synthetic applications of furan Diels-Alder chemistry, Tetrahedron, Volume 53, Issue 42, 1997, Pages 14179-14233, ISSN 0040-4020. Wade, L.G., Jr. The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene and Maleic Anhydride (1998). Simek, Jan William., and L. G. Wade. Solutions Manual Organic Chemistry, Eighth Edition L.G. Wade, Jr. Boston: Pearson, Boston, 2013. Print.

Ethics of Affirmative Action Essay -- Ethics Morals

Affirmative Action: Staying on the Road to Equality â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness† (Declaration of Independence, 1776). Who would imagine that in a country under the blanket such a brilliant, ethical and proud statement of equality, there could be so much dissention about equality? Our nation has interpreted this statement differently since it was written, and still, more than two hundred years later, we are on the road to a truly equal society. This is because racism has its seeds deeply sown into the history of America. Uprooting perceptions of peoples who are dominant and peoples who are inferior has been a long process, from the Emancipation Proclamation to affirmative action. It is important that we stay on this road to equality for all, and keep affirmative action up and running.Affirmative action has its roots in racism as a remedy to it , and racism has its roots all the way back in the colonial and imperial era. Europeans began discovering other continents in the fifteenth century, and with new continents came new ways of making money. Different European countries began to scramble to acquire colonies where they could sell goods, exploit labor, and export slaves and raw materials for cheap prices. Almost all of Africa became colonialized, with different European powers claiming control over sections of Africa, and soon colonialism spread to many new places that were discovered: the Americas, the Middle East, and later Asia and the Pacific Islands. In the process of colonialism, the Europeans were taking advantage of the resour... ...hat happens when we level the playing field? â€Å"No school that has scrapped its affirmative action program has seen minority enrollment return fully to affirmative action levels† (Kranz 26). The ultimate goal is to see minorities represent their population in education and in the work force, and at this point, to attain that goal, it is more ethical to retain the policy of affirmative action than to eliminate it. In the words of Peter Singer, â€Å"In the absence of more promising alternatives it seems worth a try† (51). Works Cited * Kranz, Rachel. â€Å"Affirmative Action.† Facts on File, Inc., 2002. * Murray, Charles. â€Å"Affirmative Racism.† The New Republic, 1984. * Rachels, James. â€Å"The Elements of Moral Philosophy,† Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2003. Singer, Peter. â€Å"Practical Ethics,† Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.

Why Do People Work

Why do people work? Think about the reading and your own knowledge of human nature. In his essay â€Å"Work and Labour† Igor Shchegolev referred to Daniel Yankelovich’s three conceptions of work (described in â€Å"The Work Ethic Is Underemployed†). â€Å"First, as labour, as a way to exist; second, as a way to improve one’s level of life; and third, as a moral necessity†, paraphrased Igor. These conceptions closely resonate with an ancient orthodox perception of three stages Christian might act in: stages of a slave, an employee, and a son towards his father. Although, at first glance, the question â€Å"Why do people work? may sound as a rhetorical one, there is possible to formulate three main motivations – on a base of both mentioned above theories. There are vital necessity, stimulus for reward, and nonmaterial reasons: moral duty or passion. The first motive does not leave people another choice. â€Å"One who is not working – i s not allowed to eat†, teaches an old Slavonic proverb, appealing to the vital necessity of work. Tireless Ant of Aesop's Fable â€Å"The Ant and the Grasshopper† sees no other ways for himself as the only hard work. There is the only way to survive. He has to. He does.The majority of people on earth follow him in the same way, let alone those struggling to make both ends meet all the time. Besides, in modern society where consumption is highly valued it happens that it is workers’ dependence on purchases what â€Å"determines how much work they do† (according to â€Å"Working too hard†, The Press). Regardless of the variety of necessities, those people alike the slaves who have no alternatives. Another reason why people work is to obtain benefits, which may vary from person to person. Generally, people in this group might focus on calculation any possible profit from work they do.There may be the steps of career or certain earnings, or tax rates. W hatever the motive, it aims to conform to employee’s expectations, so these interests are self-centred. Such workers tend to always think they contribute enough; therefore, to be rewarded is one of the privileges of theirs. Similarly, some Christians perform a definite behaviour in theirs life, waiting on the bounty. In this case they are alike the employees of kind the described group. People depicted in both paragraphs make all their efforts in order to achieve personal premium. They work to live.Finally, the last group of incentives to work represents the immaterial qualities that people possess. â€Å"Life is given to us for doing good deeds†, teaches us folk wisdom. For some of the people all of the time there is no question why to work; they are convinced – for the good of the commonwealth. A feeling of a moral duty inspires them. In the history of USSR there were great examples of altruistic work: people were eager to move into extremely remote places of the country in order to break new ground. They were full of endeavour and enthusiasm to secure the future of new generations.At the same time, there is a type of people who work because they are devoted to it – their passion. They may continue to work in their spare time as well, being absolutely satisfied. These people sacrifice their heart and soul. They live to work. To sum up, there is diversity of reasons that prompt people to work and it is entirely possible that they can be intermixed in each particular case. However, alike in an organism every part is vital, all kind of workers are essential in our society as well. There is for the purpose of bringing good balance into its existence.

Feudalism in Pakistan

Introduction:- The Zamindarana Nizam or Feudal system is a phenomenon that has affected Pakistan’s history time and again; sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. There are many salient features of the Feudal system in Pakistan. They are large landholdings by joint families; Lambardari of the local landlord family, work done by peasants or mazeras, complete rule of the landlord in the vicinity and often its surroundings too, debt bondage and sometimes absentee landlordism.The Pakistani feudal system is compatible with the European medieval feudal system where a large proportion of the production of the subsistence farmer would go to the landlord as homage. The Indian caste system is also similar to the hierarchy of the medieval European feudal pyramid expect for the fact there a person from a lower rank could be promoted to a higher rank by proving his worth unlike India where a Pandit’s son will grow up to be a Pandit and a Shudra’s son is deemed t o be a servant for the rest of his life. There are also some similarities with the Japanese feudal system.In this research we will delve into the intricacies of the matter and will ascertain the reason for the phenomenon of feudalism and its effects on Pakistani society in general. The European Feudal Model:- We have to see the similarities between the Indian Feudal Model and the European feudal model because a lot of people confuse one with another. It will also be easier to study the Indian feudal system because it was a forerunner of the modern Pakistani feudal system. The European feudal system was based on homage to one’s feudal lord because of the fact that he protects the plebian from external threat by serving in the military.If we want to study the European feudal model we have to grasp the idea of the King, the Lord, the vassal and the peasant. The King was the sovereign barring exceptions in some cases, all the feudal barons and others were knighted by the King so that they would pledge allegiance to the King. Pledging allegiance to the King meant that many of the feudal lords were required to serve in the military. As a result the profession of an Army Officer up till world war two remained largely a feudal profession.Almost all Earls, Dukes, Viscounts and Barons served in the army or Navy as officers; a tradition that continues to this day as we can see both the sons of Charles, the Prince of Wales serving in the military. Another way how an ordinary man could work up the hierarchy was by proving himself in battle. Once the man would do so, he would be awarded with land by the King called â€Å"fief†. This would make him a landowner and he would then be required to swear an â€Å"Oath of Fealty†, the literal meaning of fealty is fidelity. Once the feudal pledged allegiance to the King he was made head of his area.The entire medieval Europe fell into some sort of a pyramid of hierarchy; with the head of everything being the Pop e and the Clergy. The Pope was responsible for a lot and he would often appoint Prices in an around the area of modern Italy. Cesare Borgia is one such example of people appointed by Pope Alexander the Sixth, his father. The Church was known for its nepotism and this is why the Great Schism or the Western Schism and the Protestant Reformation took place. The Church’s corruption knew no bounds at times. Alexandre Dumas once said that â€Å"Christianity assumed a pagan character†. This is exactly what he was talking about.The Church has absolute power. Then came the Monarchs, then the Knights and Vassals, the business people were next and finally there were the peasants and the serfs. This has a lot of similarities with the Indian caste system. There were basically four Varnas. The Brahmins were the highest and they were the equivalent of the Clergy of those days, then there were the Kshatriyas who were a lot like Knights of the European feudal model and Samurais of the Japanese feudal system, then were the Vaishyas who were the traders, the businessmen and merchants, finally there were the Shudras who were sort of like the peasants.The feudal system in history has been a way of keeping the oppressed down. Both systems show a clear indication of exploitation. While Brahmins and Kshatriyas were landowners, the Vaishyas were confined to doing business only and the Shudras were made to serve the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas in the most demeaning and despicable of ways. They were confined to cleaning jobs, acting as servants and laborers. The Mahar are a lower community of India. They were called the untouchables. One of their leaders B. R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Constitutional Drafting Committee.He was the author of several books and was very aware of the fact that he was from an oppressed community and made provisions to make India into the secular and tolerant state that it is today. Some people may disagree with this statemen t but I beg to differ. The Union of India has done a lot to protect the rights of its lower castes ever since independence and this is where people like B. R. Ambedkar needs to be given credit. Unfortunately in Pakistan, people from lower castes often try to hide their identity and being from a lower caste is still considered a stigma, particularly in the Punjab.Here the Kshatriya tribes who are almost exclusively Muslim have not let go of their Hindu approach. They still believe in Mazera and Kammi system. They are not sent to school and are forced to work for their landlord families generation after generation. It is a shame what Pakistan has become today. Pakistanis embrace modernism thinking that it is an American phenomenon but they have no clue whatsoever how much of an equalitarian society the United States is today. While India has let go of their former hatred, Pakistan continues to be an insolent, third-rate godforsaken society.Coming back to the European feudal system, th ere were instances when the King knighted the people who were close to the king or were in the process of forging close relationships were also knighted so that their status would be elevated to that of any other peer. We can clearly see that in the case of King Henry the Eighth or Henry Tudor. Before he was set to marry Anne Boleyn he knighted her father making him a Viscount and her brother a Baron. The feudal Barons in the middle ages dominated every walk of life.The German name prefix of â€Å"von† usually showed nobility and we can clearly see that all the people who dominated German and Austrian societies before the Second World War had this prefix in the beginning of their name. For example von Mises the economist, von Bismark the statesman, von Manstein the general, von Hindenburg the Chancellor of Germany before Adolf Hitler and his Third Reich came into power. This is clear evidence of how the nobility was dominant in all spheres of life. We will discuss the same ab out Pakistan but like Europe trends are changing here too and we can see a more fair and equalitarian society.The Indian Feudal Model:- The first evidence of allotment of lands was in ancient India. Indians of antiquity were very giving to their spiritual leaders, the Brahmins. The customs of gifting lands to Brahmins dates back to Maurya times. The Maurya Empire thrived in India between the 4th to 1st Century B. C. E. The Empire controlled from Paltiputra in Present day Patna, Bihar controlled almost all of India. The special thing about this empire was that it was very sparsely populated. This made it very easy for greedy, licentious Brahmins to encroach land. The situation was ideal and the Brahmin is a very shrewd man. According to R.S. Sharma of the University of Patna this is when the trend started and was later enacted into the epic of Mahabharata during the Gupta Empire. This indoctrination meant that the Brahmins would later become landowners. Vast estates of land boil down into huge sums of money and with money comes power, influence and authority. Over the course of the next two thousand years the Brahmin consolidated his position by becoming the landlord along with the Kashatriya. Our ancestors, the Kashatriyas had to earn his land and fight with every fiber of his being for every last chunk of land but the Brahmin had his devious ways.The Brahmin changed the Holy Hindu script and stammered rites for a living. The result of all this was that the Brahmin to this date remains economically well off and continued to rule for centuries to come. Only in today’s world do you see people from lower Varnas such as Laksmhi Mittal or Bajaj strike rich. Otherwise it was always the Brahmin Pandit or the Kshatriya warrior who had control over wealth. It is important to note that the Nehru family is of Kashmiri Brahmin Pandit origin; their scions include Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.The concept was then started off by the Mughals who wi th their skill in administrative issues decided to appoint tax collectors from area to area. This included people from every religion. The Mughals made no discrimination in religion. There were some smaller kingdoms all over India too as the Mughals did not have a hundred percent control over everything. The Mughals, like the British conferred titles upon their tax collectors. Some of these titles were Mian, Rai Bahadur and Chaudhary. Mian was the title given to the Arian family who were the custodians of the Shalimar Gardens. The family is called Mian family of Baghbanpura.Mian Muhammad Shafi, one of the politicians of per-partition India and the Judge to whom Jinnah swore his oath to after becoming Governor-General are both from this family. Rai Bahadur was the title given to those families who helped the Mughals succeed in destroying their enemies for example some people from one tribe would given the title for killing people from another tribe who were causing troubles to for th e Mughals. Chaudhary literally meant â€Å"Lord† and unlike today it was a very rare title back then. It was also customary amongst the Mughals to grant Lordship to Pashtun Generals serving in the army.The Nawabs of Bhopal and the landlords of Khwaspur near modern day Lalamusa were both handed over to Pashtun generals for the services they rendered to the Mughal Empire. Once the British came to power, they had similar tactics of retaining power. The only difference was that they had different names for their loyalists. They preferred to give the title of â€Å"Khan Bahadur†. The British clearly understood the differences between communities of India and did their best to divide us. When people from one tribe rebelled, they were expelled from the army.They placed tribes loyal to them over others in social standing and even today, the effects of this intrusion and manipulation of history effects our society in a very detrimental way which I will discuss later in the rese arch. Hegemony of feudals in Pakistani society:- There were also stories from history where we can see that the King was not as powerful and that the Feudals were running the show altogether. We see the evolution of the â€Å"Magna Carta†, the first bill of rights of man that the western world saw. This Magna Carta was written in the thirteenth century by the Feudal Barons of King John the Second after a series of critical istakes made by the King and now the power lay with the Barons. This is how important the nobility was back in the medieval ages. The phenomenon is still prevalent in modern day Pakistan where we clearly see that almost all of the bureaucrats and politicians hailing from Interior Sindh have remarkably eccentric and ridiculous last names. This is because these are the leaders of their respective tribes. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Asif Ali Zardari, Muhammad Khan Junejo among many others. Why does not any Sindhi from an ordinary background make it to the top? It is the hegemony of these tribe leaders that keeps them oppressed and downtrodden.We do see a sort of connection of these nobles with their German pre world war counterparts. They were all extremely dominant in their societies and controlled the military, the bureaucracy, the foreign affairs, almost all the intellectual discourse, the food production and pretty much everything else. Absentee Landlordism:- This is a phenomenon by which a peculiar landlord from a peculiar rural area of Pakistan remains absent during the entire course of the cultivation and harvest of his crops in order to enjoy a lavish lifestyle in the urban areas of Pakistan.These landlords do not contribute to their land; some of them embark on political careers or take up important bureaucratic jobs. As a result they have little or almost no input on the growth of their crops. There are people that are part of the feudal gentry who leave their country estates and farmlands comprising of hundreds of acres just to live a lavish life in Lahore and other cities playing polo and consuming ridiculous amounts of alcohol. When their crops are harvested they get the largest share of the profits while their mazera gets nothing but some money to barely make ends meet.Societal deterioration of Urban Pakistan:- According to Ayesha Siddiqa, the author accredited with writing â€Å"Military Incorporated†, feudal system is still alive and kicking in Pakistan and even Pakistan’s urban elite are trying to copy the life styles of the feudals. She says and I quote â€Å"the decadent lifestyle of the old Nawabs and the feudal elite by holding huge parties, mujrahs and flaunting money† in their newly built farmhouses. The tragedy of our country is that we try to copy whatever culture we think is superior.Our Anthropology teacher first introduced us to the phenomenon of â€Å"Cultural Diffusionism† where traits of dominant cultures are slowly assimilated into weaker cultures. Unfortunately for Pakistani society, we are ready to accept any culture that has more to do with ostentatiousness than modesty. Moreover, Nawabs and Thakurs were more powerful in areas like Balochistan or Uttar Pradesh. Nawabs of Punjab for example Nawab Sir Fazal Ali of Gujrat and Nawab Sir Hayat of Wah were mostly installed by the British.It is sad to see North Punjabis and other Pakistanis trying to emulate their lifestyles because of their own inferiority complexes. The word â€Å"khandaani† has been thrown around so much and is uttered by every single menial who has a few nickels in his pocket. Pakistani society is a complete and utter shambles and the feudal archetype is to be held accountable in this particular case. Pakistan Army Officer Corps and its deterioration because of differences in background:- Pre-partition Pakistan Army also shows a clear discord between army officers of feudal background and army officers of ordinary backgrounds.In a story narrated by my father, a form er Pakistan Army Armored Corps officer there was a clear discord and hatred between both the parties within the Armored Corps back then. There were two syndicates that we formed one lead by former Lieutenant General Sahabzada Yakub Khan, a landowning aristocrat and the son of the Nawab of Rampur who opted for Pakistan army after partition; The other by Lieutenant General Gul Hassan Khan a man of humble background from Pabbi, Nowshera District.Both Generals were from PAVO Cavalry (Frontier Force) and Probyn’s Horse respectively with the former filled with people from elite backgrounds and elitist principles and the latter being the complete opposite of that. My father told me that before the 1970s if you were serving in the army as a cavalry officer you had to be a part of one group or the other or else you had no future in the army and were constantly harassed by both parties. So the officers picked their sides, all except one General Zia-ul-Haq did so.As a result young Zia a staunch mullah, was thrown out of three army regiments before settling into one dominated by elitists, the Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force). There he was welcomed by Lieutenant Colonel Pir Israr Shah who felt sorry for poor Zia. The day Colonel Shah left poor Zia was once again bullied and harassed by fellow officers especially by former NWFP and Punjab Governors Lieutenant Generals Fazl-e-Haq and Ghulam Jilani, both personally appointed by General Zia later so that he would show them who’s boss.The result of these dissensions was that Zia did his best to purge out the â€Å"elitist† from Pakistan Army and this policy very slowly and gradually took its effect. Coming back to Gul Hassan and Sahabzada Yakub Khan, There were implications that Bhutto wanted Gul Hassan as the future head of the Army, part of the reason why the competent Sahabzada resigned as Commander of East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh). He was replaced by A. A. K. Niazi, a genuinely incompetent offic er.As a result of all of this, Pakistan Army failed to protect East Pakistan from Indian onslaught in the 1971 war. All because our officers failed to unite as one and let go of their backgrounds. What a pity! Perhaps this was why it was so hard to get any work done in any military office back then. There was too much politics surrounding every issue. One party would do whatever it was in their capacity to make the other one look bad and not caring about the duties that their state entrusted upon them.