Army Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Army Leadership - Research Paper Example However, as in most cases the direct leaders have influences to other people they should on the other hand encourages hard work, instructsand recognizes great achievements of other individuals. The US military was made up of lifeblood army who ensured changes in the United States Army. The US army leaders were ready for any challenges that may come before them in order to handle with great solders that have risen through hardships and from range of qualified professional solders who always accomplishes their missions with great intelligence(Army Leadership of United States, 2012). The challenging and complex circumstances could provide ground for leaders who were expected to make wise, timely and effective decisions to achieve the mission. The army leaders were therefore, assigned to take responsibilities by inspiring the influences of individuals to accomplish the US organizational targets. The Army on the other hand was expected to motivate both internal and external people to pursue actions, shape decisions and focus thinking for the best to the organization. The US Army military requires leaders who are capable of making appropriate choices and joining direction for an organization. The leaders were therefore required to influence people by providing the society with facts, direction and motivating individuals to achieve the mission in order to improve the organization status (Army Leadership of United States, 2012). The US organization was expected to have multiple foundations for checkups and access situations to provide input decisions. The leadership in US is taken as the process of influence since the leadership doctrine was endorsed in 1948. Leadership in Army of US as an element of combat power unifies other elements such as mission command, information, intelligences, fires and protection(Army Leadership of United States, 2012). The Army is unable to

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behaviour Essay Humans are always affected by their surroundings. Motivators try to overcome barriers, which stop people being motivated. Certain theories suggest people work harder under certain conditions. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). One of the most adopted theories by managers, is Maslows Hierachy of Needs. Maslows theory assumes that: human needs are inexhaustible: as one set of needs is satisfied, another rises in its place, which means that needs are arranged in a hierarchy. (Maslow, 1954). Maslows Hierachy, includes: physiological, security, affiliation, esteem needs, and self-actualisation. Maslow believes that people start with security needs, and work their way up, until they reach self-actualisation. Maslows Theory suggests that the needs, which are satisfied no longer, have a motivational effect, which would relate to increasing pay. Satisfying an employee in the short term, but in the future, their needs will increase. (Maslow 1954). Critics have argued that Maslows theory is arrogant, meaning it is impossible to make generalisations about needs and strengths, because every individual is unique. Maslows use of armchair theorising resulted in often-contradicted evidence. His theory explains what motivates staff, but what does it motivate staff to do? Hopefully increase standard of work, output, human relations, resulting in completion of manager objectives. (Cullen, 1997). Herzbergs Radical, and widely used Two-Factor Theory, avoids using the term need, and divided the work environment in to two main groups: hygiene factors and motivators. The Hygiene Factors simply assume that these are needed, not for an employee to feel motivated, but to stop them from feeling dissatisfied. E.g. salary, job security, appealing working conditions, quality of supervision, administration and impersonal relations. Hygiene factors ensure that a state of no dissatisfaction exists without them, motivators cannot work. (Herzberg, 1959). Criticisms of Herzbergs theory note that Herzbergs methodology of research (critical incident technique) is flawed, because workers asked about experience of motivation often shift blame of bad experiences, on to their employers. As a result, the characterisation of hygiene, and motivator factors is flawed. Researcher biases could have occurred, and this technique generally makes things appear one sided without considering the individual. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). Taylors theory of scientific management pro-pay to motivate, and was developed as he worked his way up from a labourer to a works manager. The concept behind his theory, has been constructed from his career experience, giving a certain element of bias. Taylor assumed that humans respond as individuals, not groups; man is a rational and economic animal concerned with maximising his economic gain; and People can be treated in a standardised fashion, like machines. (Taylor) Taylor decided managers would benefit from his theories, purely because if the member of staff did not work, then they would not receive a fair days pay. However, if they met the targets, which were seen as a motivator, then the employee would receive extra bonuses. (Taylor) Critics have argued that Taylors theory may work well with some, but it ignores the differences between people. Money may well motivate some, (extrinsic rewards which are tangible) however, things other than financial rewards might motivate others. For example, McClellands Theory of Learned Needs suggests that some people (depending on the societies values acquired) have a desire to achieve, far more than to earn money i.e. intrinsic rewards like using skills or social rewards. (McClelland, 1967). This implies that managers who employ staff with the desire to achieve, will not be influenced by pay. This theory is all so backed by Kohn who said: Incentives do not alter the attitude that underlie our behaviours. (Kohn A, 1993). If this is the case, then it would be very difficult for an employer to use other means to motivate, because of their society values. The British Journal of Industrial Relations performed a survey on the staff at the Inland Revenue. It was clear that a majority of the staff (57%) supported the principle of performance-related pay. However, when asked if PRP had raised their motivation at work, 12% yes, while 76% said no. It is clear therefore that the Inland Revenue, staff had little or no increase in motivation to change their output, or quality of work. The research conducted analysed staff views, rather than changes in output, a member of staff that believed they were less motivated, is very likely to be less motivated, purely because motivation is a state of mind. i.e. does the: person feel it appropriate to pursue a certain course of action, directed at achieving a specified outcome, and in which the person chooses to pursue those outcomes with a degree of vigour and persistence. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). The study found that most staff were de-motivated at IR. This might have happened because some thought the whole principle unfair, because they felt they had been cheated out of an award to which they were entitled. This all so backs up Herzbergs Theory of Hygiene factors, suggesting that without e.g. appropriate salary, staff will feel de-motivated, and as a result, managers would be disappointed with the results. 55% of Inland Revenue staff felt that after PRP, their morale was undermined, and 25% disagreed, whilst others were uncertain. This shows that (although the evidence is uncertain in the Inland Revenue case), it would be easy to assume the motivational effect was actually negative. Conclusion In conclusion the research has shown that in the case of the Inland Revenue, the short-term workers were motivated by the scheme. Backing Maslows Theory of needs, that once an objective is achieved, a new one replaced it, as the older members of staff were not motivated by an increase in pay. Therefore, it could be said that managers would benefit from the increased staff pay to boost short term effects, but they will be dissatisfied with the results in the long term. The evidence suggests that Herzberg (1959) is right, in general in terms of his hygiene factors, but this system does not apply across the board. However, for most managers, the idea that adhering to the minimum working environment requirements, managers will not de-motivate staff, nor will it encourage people to remain in employment with the same company for many years. Word Count: 1096 The assignments aim, is to give a critical understanding of how managers relying on pay to motivate their employees to higher levels of job performance, may or may not be satisfied with the outcome. Humans are always affected by their surroundings. Motivators try to overcome barriers, which stop people being motivated. Certain theories suggest people work harder under certain conditions. (Broadfield Rollinson 2002). This involves researching theories of motivation, and then discussing what each say about pay as a motivator. I will then evaluate how worthwhile the information is, based on whether or not the theory is well regarded and supported by the researched literature.

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment

Diels-Alder Reactions Experiment Abstract A Diels Alder reaction was done during this experiment between anthracene and maleic anhydride via to yield 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride. Anthracene was the diene and maleic anhydride was the dienophile. Following recrystallization of the product using xylene and vacuum filtration, a percent yield of 39.9% was calculated for the recrystallized product that was collected. The yield may have been low due to several of the crystals being stuck to flask and not going into the funnel, and there may have been other sources of error. The percent recovery from recrystallization was 56%. The melting point of the recrystallized product was 260 264 °C, while the literature melting point of 262 264 °C. Comparing these values shows that the product was indeed and that recrystallization yielded a purer product. Upon examination of an infrared spectrum of the product and of anthracene and maleic anhydride spectra, the data showed that the product spectru m had similarities with both spectrums for anthracene and the maleic anhydride. This indicated that 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride was a product of both anthracene and maleic anhydride, and thus that the experiment was successful. Figure 1: Reaction scheme of 9,10 dihydroanthracene-9, 10- ÃŽÂ ±, ß-succinic anhydride Introduction The 1950, Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder were awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on the discovery and development of [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Diels-Alder reactions are used to synthesize new carbon-carbon bonds, more commonly they form six-membered cyclic compounds. The Diels-Alder reaction is categorized as a pericyclic reaction, which involves the overlap of spatial orbitals as well as the hybridization and delocalization of the molecules.1 The Diels-Alder reaction is a member of a class of reactions called cycloadditions, which are under pericyclic reactions. Usually, the reaction involves three à Ã¢â€š ¬ bonds, two from the diene and one from the dienophile in the reaction to form a six-membered ring.Since this reaction involves four à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons in the diene and two à Ã¢â€š ¬ electrons from the dienophile, it is sometimes referred to as a 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ cycloaddition. Various chiral auxiliaries and catalysts for asymmetric Die ls-Alder chemistry have been developed that allow the cycloaddition to proceed with very high levels of selectivity.3 The use of chiral Lewis acid catalysts and high pressure to enhance the selectivity and rate of these [4à Ã¢â€š ¬ + 2à Ã¢â€š ¬]-cycloadditions have further extended the scope of this remarkable reaction.1,2 Diels-Alder reactions are normally favored by electron donating groups on the diene and electron withdrawing groups on the dienophile. The diene must be able to achieve a s-cis conformation to generate the cis double bond in the cyclohexene product.3 Acyclic dienes may rotate around a single bond, but dienes locked in the s-trans conformation do not react.3 The purpose of this experiment is to yield 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²-succinic anhydride via a Diels Alder reaction between anthracene and maleic anhydride, as shown in figure 1. Anthracene acts as the diene and maleic anhydride functions as the dienophile. Xylene is used as a high boili ng temperature solvent so that the reaction will proceed quickly. A key characteristic of these reactions is their stereospecificity.3 Based on the interaction between a cyclic diene and a dienophile, different stereoisomeric compounds are formed. Stereochemistry represents a major component of the Diels-Alder reaction.2 Due to the interaction and arrangement between the conjugated diene and dienophile, an endo and exo product could be formed, which can characterize the reaction as stereo- and/or regioselective. Experimental Instruments used: The instruments that were used were the Thomas Hoover Melting, and a Nicolet IR 100 FT-IR were used in this experiment. Procedure and Observations: A reflux apparatus was assembled. Xylene (6 mL), anthracene (0.5 g), and maleic anhydride (0.25 g) were added to a round bottom flask (25 mL). The solution turned a yellow color when the reactants were added together. The reflux was then started, and once it began to boil, it was boiled for 30 minutes. A watch glass was weighed (35.55 g), which the product would later be transferred to. After reflux, the solution was cooled to room temperature, and then xylene (6 mL) was added to a test tube and laced into an ice bath. The solution appeared to be a golden yellow color after the reflux. Next, xylene (15 mL) was added to a beaker (50 mL), and then a vacuum apparatus was assembled. The solution was placed chilled for 5 minutes, and it became cloudy and crystals began to form. The solution was filtered through a Buchner funnel on the vacuum filtration. After the vacuum filtration, the crude product were light yellowish-brown crystals. Xylene (15 mL) was boiled , and was then added to the crude product, just enough to cover it, and was heated. The crystals began to dissolve the hot xylene was added, and as it dissolved the color became lighter and clearer. Once dissolved, the solution was then placed into an ice bath, after being cooled to room temperature. It was then put through the vacuum filtration; the recrystallized product was allowed to dry, and then weighed (0.28 g). Finally, the product was analyzed using IR and the melting point apparatus. References C. Oliver Kappe, S. Shaun Murphree, Albert Padwa, Synthetic applications of furan Diels-Alder chemistry, Tetrahedron, Volume 53, Issue 42, 1997, Pages 14179-14233, ISSN 0040-4020. Wade, L.G., Jr. The Diels-Alder Reaction of Anthracene and Maleic Anhydride (1998). Simek, Jan William., and L. G. Wade. Solutions Manual Organic Chemistry, Eighth Edition L.G. Wade, Jr. Boston: Pearson, Boston, 2013. Print.

Ethics of Affirmative Action Essay -- Ethics Morals

Affirmative Action: Staying on the Road to Equality â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness† (Declaration of Independence, 1776). Who would imagine that in a country under the blanket such a brilliant, ethical and proud statement of equality, there could be so much dissention about equality? Our nation has interpreted this statement differently since it was written, and still, more than two hundred years later, we are on the road to a truly equal society. This is because racism has its seeds deeply sown into the history of America. Uprooting perceptions of peoples who are dominant and peoples who are inferior has been a long process, from the Emancipation Proclamation to affirmative action. It is important that we stay on this road to equality for all, and keep affirmative action up and running.Affirmative action has its roots in racism as a remedy to it , and racism has its roots all the way back in the colonial and imperial era. Europeans began discovering other continents in the fifteenth century, and with new continents came new ways of making money. Different European countries began to scramble to acquire colonies where they could sell goods, exploit labor, and export slaves and raw materials for cheap prices. Almost all of Africa became colonialized, with different European powers claiming control over sections of Africa, and soon colonialism spread to many new places that were discovered: the Americas, the Middle East, and later Asia and the Pacific Islands. In the process of colonialism, the Europeans were taking advantage of the resour... ...hat happens when we level the playing field? â€Å"No school that has scrapped its affirmative action program has seen minority enrollment return fully to affirmative action levels† (Kranz 26). The ultimate goal is to see minorities represent their population in education and in the work force, and at this point, to attain that goal, it is more ethical to retain the policy of affirmative action than to eliminate it. In the words of Peter Singer, â€Å"In the absence of more promising alternatives it seems worth a try† (51). Works Cited * Kranz, Rachel. â€Å"Affirmative Action.† Facts on File, Inc., 2002. * Murray, Charles. â€Å"Affirmative Racism.† The New Republic, 1984. * Rachels, James. â€Å"The Elements of Moral Philosophy,† Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2003. Singer, Peter. â€Å"Practical Ethics,† Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.

Why Do People Work

Why do people work? Think about the reading and your own knowledge of human nature. In his essay â€Å"Work and Labour† Igor Shchegolev referred to Daniel Yankelovich’s three conceptions of work (described in â€Å"The Work Ethic Is Underemployed†). â€Å"First, as labour, as a way to exist; second, as a way to improve one’s level of life; and third, as a moral necessity†, paraphrased Igor. These conceptions closely resonate with an ancient orthodox perception of three stages Christian might act in: stages of a slave, an employee, and a son towards his father. Although, at first glance, the question â€Å"Why do people work? may sound as a rhetorical one, there is possible to formulate three main motivations – on a base of both mentioned above theories. There are vital necessity, stimulus for reward, and nonmaterial reasons: moral duty or passion. The first motive does not leave people another choice. â€Å"One who is not working – i s not allowed to eat†, teaches an old Slavonic proverb, appealing to the vital necessity of work. Tireless Ant of Aesop's Fable â€Å"The Ant and the Grasshopper† sees no other ways for himself as the only hard work. There is the only way to survive. He has to. He does.The majority of people on earth follow him in the same way, let alone those struggling to make both ends meet all the time. Besides, in modern society where consumption is highly valued it happens that it is workers’ dependence on purchases what â€Å"determines how much work they do† (according to â€Å"Working too hard†, The Press). Regardless of the variety of necessities, those people alike the slaves who have no alternatives. Another reason why people work is to obtain benefits, which may vary from person to person. Generally, people in this group might focus on calculation any possible profit from work they do.There may be the steps of career or certain earnings, or tax rates. W hatever the motive, it aims to conform to employee’s expectations, so these interests are self-centred. Such workers tend to always think they contribute enough; therefore, to be rewarded is one of the privileges of theirs. Similarly, some Christians perform a definite behaviour in theirs life, waiting on the bounty. In this case they are alike the employees of kind the described group. People depicted in both paragraphs make all their efforts in order to achieve personal premium. They work to live.Finally, the last group of incentives to work represents the immaterial qualities that people possess. â€Å"Life is given to us for doing good deeds†, teaches us folk wisdom. For some of the people all of the time there is no question why to work; they are convinced – for the good of the commonwealth. A feeling of a moral duty inspires them. In the history of USSR there were great examples of altruistic work: people were eager to move into extremely remote places of the country in order to break new ground. They were full of endeavour and enthusiasm to secure the future of new generations.At the same time, there is a type of people who work because they are devoted to it – their passion. They may continue to work in their spare time as well, being absolutely satisfied. These people sacrifice their heart and soul. They live to work. To sum up, there is diversity of reasons that prompt people to work and it is entirely possible that they can be intermixed in each particular case. However, alike in an organism every part is vital, all kind of workers are essential in our society as well. There is for the purpose of bringing good balance into its existence.

Feudalism in Pakistan

Introduction:- The Zamindarana Nizam or Feudal system is a phenomenon that has affected Pakistan’s history time and again; sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worse. There are many salient features of the Feudal system in Pakistan. They are large landholdings by joint families; Lambardari of the local landlord family, work done by peasants or mazeras, complete rule of the landlord in the vicinity and often its surroundings too, debt bondage and sometimes absentee landlordism.The Pakistani feudal system is compatible with the European medieval feudal system where a large proportion of the production of the subsistence farmer would go to the landlord as homage. The Indian caste system is also similar to the hierarchy of the medieval European feudal pyramid expect for the fact there a person from a lower rank could be promoted to a higher rank by proving his worth unlike India where a Pandit’s son will grow up to be a Pandit and a Shudra’s son is deemed t o be a servant for the rest of his life. There are also some similarities with the Japanese feudal system.In this research we will delve into the intricacies of the matter and will ascertain the reason for the phenomenon of feudalism and its effects on Pakistani society in general. The European Feudal Model:- We have to see the similarities between the Indian Feudal Model and the European feudal model because a lot of people confuse one with another. It will also be easier to study the Indian feudal system because it was a forerunner of the modern Pakistani feudal system. The European feudal system was based on homage to one’s feudal lord because of the fact that he protects the plebian from external threat by serving in the military.If we want to study the European feudal model we have to grasp the idea of the King, the Lord, the vassal and the peasant. The King was the sovereign barring exceptions in some cases, all the feudal barons and others were knighted by the King so that they would pledge allegiance to the King. Pledging allegiance to the King meant that many of the feudal lords were required to serve in the military. As a result the profession of an Army Officer up till world war two remained largely a feudal profession.Almost all Earls, Dukes, Viscounts and Barons served in the army or Navy as officers; a tradition that continues to this day as we can see both the sons of Charles, the Prince of Wales serving in the military. Another way how an ordinary man could work up the hierarchy was by proving himself in battle. Once the man would do so, he would be awarded with land by the King called â€Å"fief†. This would make him a landowner and he would then be required to swear an â€Å"Oath of Fealty†, the literal meaning of fealty is fidelity. Once the feudal pledged allegiance to the King he was made head of his area.The entire medieval Europe fell into some sort of a pyramid of hierarchy; with the head of everything being the Pop e and the Clergy. The Pope was responsible for a lot and he would often appoint Prices in an around the area of modern Italy. Cesare Borgia is one such example of people appointed by Pope Alexander the Sixth, his father. The Church was known for its nepotism and this is why the Great Schism or the Western Schism and the Protestant Reformation took place. The Church’s corruption knew no bounds at times. Alexandre Dumas once said that â€Å"Christianity assumed a pagan character†. This is exactly what he was talking about.The Church has absolute power. Then came the Monarchs, then the Knights and Vassals, the business people were next and finally there were the peasants and the serfs. This has a lot of similarities with the Indian caste system. There were basically four Varnas. The Brahmins were the highest and they were the equivalent of the Clergy of those days, then there were the Kshatriyas who were a lot like Knights of the European feudal model and Samurais of the Japanese feudal system, then were the Vaishyas who were the traders, the businessmen and merchants, finally there were the Shudras who were sort of like the peasants.The feudal system in history has been a way of keeping the oppressed down. Both systems show a clear indication of exploitation. While Brahmins and Kshatriyas were landowners, the Vaishyas were confined to doing business only and the Shudras were made to serve the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas in the most demeaning and despicable of ways. They were confined to cleaning jobs, acting as servants and laborers. The Mahar are a lower community of India. They were called the untouchables. One of their leaders B. R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Constitutional Drafting Committee.He was the author of several books and was very aware of the fact that he was from an oppressed community and made provisions to make India into the secular and tolerant state that it is today. Some people may disagree with this statemen t but I beg to differ. The Union of India has done a lot to protect the rights of its lower castes ever since independence and this is where people like B. R. Ambedkar needs to be given credit. Unfortunately in Pakistan, people from lower castes often try to hide their identity and being from a lower caste is still considered a stigma, particularly in the Punjab.Here the Kshatriya tribes who are almost exclusively Muslim have not let go of their Hindu approach. They still believe in Mazera and Kammi system. They are not sent to school and are forced to work for their landlord families generation after generation. It is a shame what Pakistan has become today. Pakistanis embrace modernism thinking that it is an American phenomenon but they have no clue whatsoever how much of an equalitarian society the United States is today. While India has let go of their former hatred, Pakistan continues to be an insolent, third-rate godforsaken society.Coming back to the European feudal system, th ere were instances when the King knighted the people who were close to the king or were in the process of forging close relationships were also knighted so that their status would be elevated to that of any other peer. We can clearly see that in the case of King Henry the Eighth or Henry Tudor. Before he was set to marry Anne Boleyn he knighted her father making him a Viscount and her brother a Baron. The feudal Barons in the middle ages dominated every walk of life.The German name prefix of â€Å"von† usually showed nobility and we can clearly see that all the people who dominated German and Austrian societies before the Second World War had this prefix in the beginning of their name. For example von Mises the economist, von Bismark the statesman, von Manstein the general, von Hindenburg the Chancellor of Germany before Adolf Hitler and his Third Reich came into power. This is clear evidence of how the nobility was dominant in all spheres of life. We will discuss the same ab out Pakistan but like Europe trends are changing here too and we can see a more fair and equalitarian society.The Indian Feudal Model:- The first evidence of allotment of lands was in ancient India. Indians of antiquity were very giving to their spiritual leaders, the Brahmins. The customs of gifting lands to Brahmins dates back to Maurya times. The Maurya Empire thrived in India between the 4th to 1st Century B. C. E. The Empire controlled from Paltiputra in Present day Patna, Bihar controlled almost all of India. The special thing about this empire was that it was very sparsely populated. This made it very easy for greedy, licentious Brahmins to encroach land. The situation was ideal and the Brahmin is a very shrewd man. According to R.S. Sharma of the University of Patna this is when the trend started and was later enacted into the epic of Mahabharata during the Gupta Empire. This indoctrination meant that the Brahmins would later become landowners. Vast estates of land boil down into huge sums of money and with money comes power, influence and authority. Over the course of the next two thousand years the Brahmin consolidated his position by becoming the landlord along with the Kashatriya. Our ancestors, the Kashatriyas had to earn his land and fight with every fiber of his being for every last chunk of land but the Brahmin had his devious ways.The Brahmin changed the Holy Hindu script and stammered rites for a living. The result of all this was that the Brahmin to this date remains economically well off and continued to rule for centuries to come. Only in today’s world do you see people from lower Varnas such as Laksmhi Mittal or Bajaj strike rich. Otherwise it was always the Brahmin Pandit or the Kshatriya warrior who had control over wealth. It is important to note that the Nehru family is of Kashmiri Brahmin Pandit origin; their scions include Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.The concept was then started off by the Mughals who wi th their skill in administrative issues decided to appoint tax collectors from area to area. This included people from every religion. The Mughals made no discrimination in religion. There were some smaller kingdoms all over India too as the Mughals did not have a hundred percent control over everything. The Mughals, like the British conferred titles upon their tax collectors. Some of these titles were Mian, Rai Bahadur and Chaudhary. Mian was the title given to the Arian family who were the custodians of the Shalimar Gardens. The family is called Mian family of Baghbanpura.Mian Muhammad Shafi, one of the politicians of per-partition India and the Judge to whom Jinnah swore his oath to after becoming Governor-General are both from this family. Rai Bahadur was the title given to those families who helped the Mughals succeed in destroying their enemies for example some people from one tribe would given the title for killing people from another tribe who were causing troubles to for th e Mughals. Chaudhary literally meant â€Å"Lord† and unlike today it was a very rare title back then. It was also customary amongst the Mughals to grant Lordship to Pashtun Generals serving in the army.The Nawabs of Bhopal and the landlords of Khwaspur near modern day Lalamusa were both handed over to Pashtun generals for the services they rendered to the Mughal Empire. Once the British came to power, they had similar tactics of retaining power. The only difference was that they had different names for their loyalists. They preferred to give the title of â€Å"Khan Bahadur†. The British clearly understood the differences between communities of India and did their best to divide us. When people from one tribe rebelled, they were expelled from the army.They placed tribes loyal to them over others in social standing and even today, the effects of this intrusion and manipulation of history effects our society in a very detrimental way which I will discuss later in the rese arch. Hegemony of feudals in Pakistani society:- There were also stories from history where we can see that the King was not as powerful and that the Feudals were running the show altogether. We see the evolution of the â€Å"Magna Carta†, the first bill of rights of man that the western world saw. This Magna Carta was written in the thirteenth century by the Feudal Barons of King John the Second after a series of critical istakes made by the King and now the power lay with the Barons. This is how important the nobility was back in the medieval ages. The phenomenon is still prevalent in modern day Pakistan where we clearly see that almost all of the bureaucrats and politicians hailing from Interior Sindh have remarkably eccentric and ridiculous last names. This is because these are the leaders of their respective tribes. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Asif Ali Zardari, Muhammad Khan Junejo among many others. Why does not any Sindhi from an ordinary background make it to the top? It is the hegemony of these tribe leaders that keeps them oppressed and downtrodden.We do see a sort of connection of these nobles with their German pre world war counterparts. They were all extremely dominant in their societies and controlled the military, the bureaucracy, the foreign affairs, almost all the intellectual discourse, the food production and pretty much everything else. Absentee Landlordism:- This is a phenomenon by which a peculiar landlord from a peculiar rural area of Pakistan remains absent during the entire course of the cultivation and harvest of his crops in order to enjoy a lavish lifestyle in the urban areas of Pakistan.These landlords do not contribute to their land; some of them embark on political careers or take up important bureaucratic jobs. As a result they have little or almost no input on the growth of their crops. There are people that are part of the feudal gentry who leave their country estates and farmlands comprising of hundreds of acres just to live a lavish life in Lahore and other cities playing polo and consuming ridiculous amounts of alcohol. When their crops are harvested they get the largest share of the profits while their mazera gets nothing but some money to barely make ends meet.Societal deterioration of Urban Pakistan:- According to Ayesha Siddiqa, the author accredited with writing â€Å"Military Incorporated†, feudal system is still alive and kicking in Pakistan and even Pakistan’s urban elite are trying to copy the life styles of the feudals. She says and I quote â€Å"the decadent lifestyle of the old Nawabs and the feudal elite by holding huge parties, mujrahs and flaunting money† in their newly built farmhouses. The tragedy of our country is that we try to copy whatever culture we think is superior.Our Anthropology teacher first introduced us to the phenomenon of â€Å"Cultural Diffusionism† where traits of dominant cultures are slowly assimilated into weaker cultures. Unfortunately for Pakistani society, we are ready to accept any culture that has more to do with ostentatiousness than modesty. Moreover, Nawabs and Thakurs were more powerful in areas like Balochistan or Uttar Pradesh. Nawabs of Punjab for example Nawab Sir Fazal Ali of Gujrat and Nawab Sir Hayat of Wah were mostly installed by the British.It is sad to see North Punjabis and other Pakistanis trying to emulate their lifestyles because of their own inferiority complexes. The word â€Å"khandaani† has been thrown around so much and is uttered by every single menial who has a few nickels in his pocket. Pakistani society is a complete and utter shambles and the feudal archetype is to be held accountable in this particular case. Pakistan Army Officer Corps and its deterioration because of differences in background:- Pre-partition Pakistan Army also shows a clear discord between army officers of feudal background and army officers of ordinary backgrounds.In a story narrated by my father, a form er Pakistan Army Armored Corps officer there was a clear discord and hatred between both the parties within the Armored Corps back then. There were two syndicates that we formed one lead by former Lieutenant General Sahabzada Yakub Khan, a landowning aristocrat and the son of the Nawab of Rampur who opted for Pakistan army after partition; The other by Lieutenant General Gul Hassan Khan a man of humble background from Pabbi, Nowshera District.Both Generals were from PAVO Cavalry (Frontier Force) and Probyn’s Horse respectively with the former filled with people from elite backgrounds and elitist principles and the latter being the complete opposite of that. My father told me that before the 1970s if you were serving in the army as a cavalry officer you had to be a part of one group or the other or else you had no future in the army and were constantly harassed by both parties. So the officers picked their sides, all except one General Zia-ul-Haq did so.As a result young Zia a staunch mullah, was thrown out of three army regiments before settling into one dominated by elitists, the Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force). There he was welcomed by Lieutenant Colonel Pir Israr Shah who felt sorry for poor Zia. The day Colonel Shah left poor Zia was once again bullied and harassed by fellow officers especially by former NWFP and Punjab Governors Lieutenant Generals Fazl-e-Haq and Ghulam Jilani, both personally appointed by General Zia later so that he would show them who’s boss.The result of these dissensions was that Zia did his best to purge out the â€Å"elitist† from Pakistan Army and this policy very slowly and gradually took its effect. Coming back to Gul Hassan and Sahabzada Yakub Khan, There were implications that Bhutto wanted Gul Hassan as the future head of the Army, part of the reason why the competent Sahabzada resigned as Commander of East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh). He was replaced by A. A. K. Niazi, a genuinely incompetent offic er.As a result of all of this, Pakistan Army failed to protect East Pakistan from Indian onslaught in the 1971 war. All because our officers failed to unite as one and let go of their backgrounds. What a pity! Perhaps this was why it was so hard to get any work done in any military office back then. There was too much politics surrounding every issue. One party would do whatever it was in their capacity to make the other one look bad and not caring about the duties that their state entrusted upon them.